References
Adler, P.B., Salguero-Gomez, R., Compagnoni, A., Hsu, J.S., Ray-Mukherjee, J., Mbeau-Ache, C. & Franco, M. (2014) Functional traits explain variation in plant life history strategies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,111, 740-745.
Arellano, G., Medina, N.G., Tan, S., Mohamad, M. & Davies, S.J. (2019) Crown damage and the mortality of tropical trees. New Phytologist, 221, 169-179.
Aussenac, R., Bergeron, Y., Gravel, D. & Drobyshev, I. (2019) Interactions among trees: A key element in the stabilising effect of species diversity on forest growth. Functional Ecology,33, 360-367.
Banin, L., Feldpausch, T.R., Phillips, O.L., Baker, T.R., Lloyd, J., Affum-Baffoe, K., Arets, E.J.M.M., Berry, N.J., Bradford, M., Brienen, R.J.W., Davies, S., Drescher, M., Higuchi, N., Hilbert, D.W., Hladik, A., Iida, Y., Salim, K.A., Kassim, A.R., King, D.A., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Metcalfe, D., Nilus, R., Peh, K.S.H., Reitsma, J.M., Sonké, B., Taedoumg, H., Tan, S., White, L., Wöll, H. & Lewis, S.L. (2012) What controls tropical forest architecture? Testing environmental, structural and floristic drivers. Global Ecology and Biogeography,21, 1179-1190.
Bentley, L.P., Stegen, J.C., Savage, V.M., Smith, D.D., von Allmen, E.I., Sperry, J.S., Reich, P.B. & Enquist, B.J. (2013) An empirical assessment of tree branching networks and implications for plant allometric scaling models. Ecology Letters, 16,1069-1078.
Bolnick, D.I., Amarasekare, P., Araujo, M.S., Burger, R., Levine, J.M., Novak, M., Rudolf, V.H., Schreiber, S.J., Urban, M.C. & Vasseur, D.A. (2011) Why intraspecific trait variation matters in community ecology.Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26, 183-192.
Bongers, F.J., Schmid, B., Sun, Z., Li, Y., Härdtle, W., Oheimb, G., Li, Y., Li, S., Staab, M., Ma, K.p. & Liu, X. (2020) Growth–trait relationships in subtropical forest are stronger at higher diversity.Journal of Ecology, 108, 256-266.
Bourque, C.P.A., Bayat, M. & Zhang, C.F. (2019) An assessment of height–diameter growth variation in an unmanaged Fagus orientalis -dominated forest. European Journal of Forest Research, 138, 607-621.
Brown, J.H., Gillooly, J.F., Allen, A.P., Savage, V.M. & West, G.B. (2004) Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology,85, 1771-1789.
Chen, L. & Sumida, A. (2017) Patterns of branch growth and death in crowns of Sakhalin Spruce, Picea glehnii (F. Schmidt) Mast.Forests, 8, 26.
Chiba, Y. (1998) Architectural analysis of relationship between biomass and basal area based on pipe model theory. Ecological Modelling,108, 219-225.
Coble, A.P., Fogel, M.L. & Parker, G.G. (2017) Canopy gradients in leaf functional traits for species that differ in growth strategies and shade tolerance. Tree Physiology, 37, 1415-1425.
Corner, E.J.H. (1949) The durian theory or the origin of the modern tree. Annals of Botany, 13, 367-414.
del Río, M., Bravo-Oviedo, A., Ruiz-Peinado, R. & Condés, S. (2019) Tree allometry variation in response to intra- and inter-specific competitions. Trees, 33, 121-138.
Dong, L., Liu, Z. & Bettinger, P. (2016) Nonlinear mixed-effects branch diameter and length models for natural Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini ) forest in northeast China. Trees, 30,1191-1206.
Feldpausch, T.R., Banin, L., Phillips, O.L., Baker, T.R., Lewis, S.L., Quesada, C.A., Affum-Baffoe, K., Arets, E.J.M.M., Berry, N.J., Bird, M., Brondizio, E.S., de Camargo, P., Chave, J., Djagbletey, G., Domingues, T.F., Drescher, M., Fearnside, P.M., França, M.B., Fyllas, N.M., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Hladik, A., Higuchi, N., Hunter, M.O., Iida, Y., Salim, K.A., Kassim, A.R., Keller, M., Kemp, J., King, D.A., Lovett, J.C., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Lenza, E., Marshall, A.R., Metcalfe, D.J., Mitchard, E.T.A., Moran, E.F., Nelson, B.W., Nilus, R., Nogueira, E.M., Palace, M., Patiño, S., Peh, K.S.H., Raventos, M.T., Reitsma, J.M., Saiz, G., Schrodt, F., Sonké, B., Taedoumg, H.E., Tan, S., White, L., Wöll, H. & Lloyd, J. (2011) Height-diameter allometry of tropical forest trees. Biogeosciences, 8, 1081-1106.
Ford, E.D. (2014) The dynamic relationship between plant architecture and competition. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5, 275.
Fortin, M., Van Couwenberghe, R., Perez, V. & Piedallu, C. (2018) Evidence of climate effects on the height-diameter relationships of tree species. Annals of Forest Science, 76, 1.
Henry, H.A.L. & Aarssen, L.W. (1999) The interpretation of stem diameter-height allometry in trees: biomechanical constraints, neighbour effects, or biased regressions? Ecology Letters, 2,89-97.
Hulshof, C.M., Swenson, N.G. & Weiser, M.D. (2015) Tree height-diameter allometry across the United States. Ecology and Evolution,5, 1193-1204.
Iida, Y., Poorter, L., Sterck, F., Kassim, A.R., Potts, M.D., Kubo, T. & Kohyama, T.S. (2014) Linking size-dependent growth and mortality with architectural traits across 145 co-occurring tropical tree species.Ecology, 95, 353-363.
Iida, Y., Sun, I.F., Price, C.A., Chen, C.T., Chen, Z.S., Chiang, J.M., Huang, C.L. & Swenson, N.G. (2016) Linking leaf veins to growth and mortality rates: an example from a subtropical tree community.Ecology and Evolution, 6, 6085-6096.
Kaitaniemi, P., Lintunen, A. & Sievänen, R. (2020) Power-law estimation of branch growth. Ecological Modelling, 416, 108900.
Kohyama, T.S. & Takada, T. (2012) One-sided competition for light promotes coexistence of forest trees that share the same adult height.Journal of Ecology, 100, 1501-1511.
Kozlowski, T.T., Kramer, P.J., Pallardy, S.G. & Roy, J. (2012)The physiological ecology of woody plants . Elsevier Science.
Kramer, R.D., Sillett, S.C. & Carroll, A.L. (2014) Structural development of redwood branches and its effects on wood growth.Tree Physiology, 34, 314-330.
Kunstler, G., Falster, D., Coomes, D.A., Hui, F., Kooyman, R.M., Laughlin, D.C., Poorter, L., Vanderwel, M., Vieilledent, G., Wright, S.J., Aiba, M., Baraloto, C., Caspersen, J., Cornelissen, J.H., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Hanewinkel, M., Herault, B., Kattge, J., Kurokawa, H., Onoda, Y., Penuelas, J., Poorter, H., Uriarte, M., Richardson, S., Ruiz-Benito, P., Sun, I.F., Stahl, G., Swenson, N.G., Thompson, J., Westerlund, B., Wirth, C., Zavala, M.A., Zeng, H., Zimmerman, J.K., Zimmermann, N.E. & Westoby, M. (2016) Plant functional traits have globally consistent effects on competition. Nature, 529,204-207.
Kunz, M., Fichtner, A., Hardtle, W., Raumonen, P., Bruelheide, H. & von Oheimb, G. (2019) Neighbour species richness and local structural variability modulate aboveground allocation patterns and crown morphology of individual trees. Ecology Letters, 22,2130-2140.
Lemay, A., Pamerleau-Couture, É. & Krause, C. (2019) Maximum branch diameter in black spruce following partial cutting and clearcutting.Forests, 10, 913.
Lines, E.R., Zavala, M.A., Purves, D.W. & Coomes, D.A. (2012) Predictable changes in aboveground allometry of trees along gradients of temperature, aridity and competition. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 1017-1028.
Lintunen, A. & Kaitaniemi, P. (2010) Responses of crown architecture inBetula pendula to competition are dependent on the species of neighbouring trees. Trees, 24, 411-424.
Liu, H., Gleason, S.M., Hao, G., Hua, L., He, P., Goldstein, G. & Ye, Q. (2019) Hydraulic traits are coordinated with maximum plant height at the global scale. Science Advances, 5, eaav1332.
Loehle, C. (2016) Biomechanical constraints on tree architecture.Trees, 30, 2061-2070.
Loubota Panzou, G.J., Ligot, G., Gourlet‐Fleury, S., Doucet, J.L., Forni, E., Loumeto, J.J. & Fayolle, A. (2018) Architectural differences associated with functional traits among 45 coexisting tree species in Central Africa. Functional Ecology, 32, 2583-2593.
MacFarlane, D.W. & Kane, B. (2017) Neighbour effects on tree architecture: functional trade‐offs balancing crown competitiveness with wind resistance. Functional Ecology, 31, 1624-1636.
Martin-Ducup, O., Schneider, R. & Fournier, R.A. (2016) Response of sugar maple (Acer saccharum , Marsh.) tree crown structure to competition in pure versus mixed stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 374, 20-32.
McMahon, T. (1973) Size and shape in biology. Science,179, 1201-1204.
Mensah, S., Pienaar, O.L., Kunneke, A., du Toit, B., Seydack, A., Uhl, E., Pretzsch, H. & Seifert, T. (2018) Height – Diameter allometry in South Africa’s indigenous high forests: Assessing generic models performance and function forms. Forest Ecology and Management,410, 1-11.
Newton, M., Lachenbruch, B., Robbins, J.M. & Cole, E.C. (2012) Branch diameter and longevity linked to plantation spacing and rectangularity in young Douglas-fir. Forest Ecology and Management,266, 75-82.
Niklas, K.J. (1994) Predicting the height of fossil plant remains: an allometric approach to an old problem. American Journal of Botany, 81, 1235-1242.
Niklas, K.J. (1995) Size-dependent allometry of tree height, diameter and trunk-taper. Annals of Botany, 75, 217-227.
Niklas, K.J. & Hammond, S.T. (2013) Biophysical effects on plant competition and coexistence. Functional Ecology, 27,854-864.
Osada, N. & Takeda, H. (2003) Branch architecture, light interception and crown development in saplings of a plagiotropically branching tropical tree, Polyalthia jenkinsii (Annonaceae). Annals of Botany, 91, 55-63.
Osunkoya, O.O., Omar-Ali, K., Amit, N., Dayan, J., Daud, D.S. & Sheng, T.K. (2007) Comparative height crown allometry and mechanical design in 22 tree species of Kuala Belalong rainforest, Brunei, Borneo.American Journal of Botany, 94, 1951-1962.
Paal, T., Zobel, K. & Liira, J. (2020) Standardized response signatures of functional traits pinpoint limiting ecological filters during the migration of forest plant species into wooded corridors.Ecological Indicators, 108, 105688.
Poorter, L., Bongers, F., Sterck, F.J. & Woll, H. (2003) Architecture of 53 rain forest tree species differing in adult stature and shade tolerance. Ecology, 84, 602-608.
Poorter, L., Castilho, C.V., Schietti, J., Oliveira, R.S. & Costa, F.R.C. (2018) Can traits predict individual growth performance? A test in a hyperdiverse tropical forest. New Phytologist, 219,109-121.
Price, C.A., Gilooly, J.F., Allen, A.P., Weitz, J.S. & Niklas, K.J. (2010) The metabolic theory of ecology: prospects and challenges for plant biology. New Phytologist, 188, 696-710.
Price, C.A., Weitz, J.S., Savage, V.M., Stegen, J., Clarke, A., Coomes, D.A., Dodds, P.S., Etienne, R.S., Kerkhoff, A.J., McCulloh, K., Niklas, K.J., Olff, H. & Swenson, N.G. (2012) Testing the metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology Letters, 15, 1465-1474.
Qiu, H., Liu, S., Zhang, Y. & Li, J. (2021) Variation in height-diameter allometry of ponderosa pine along competition, climate, and species diversity gradients in the western United States.Forest Ecology and Management, 497, 119477.
R Core Team (2019) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.
Rozendaal, D.M.A., Phillips, O.L., Lewis, S.L., Affum-Baffoe, K., Alvarez-Davila, E., Andrade, A., Aragao, L., Araujo-Murakami, A., Baker, T.R., Banki, O., Brienen, R.J.W., Camargo, J.L.C., Comiskey, J.A., Djuikouo Kamdem, M.N., Fauset, S., Feldpausch, T.R., Killeen, T.J., Laurance, W.F., Laurance, S.G.W., Lovejoy, T., Malhi, Y., Marimon, B.S., Marimon Junior, B.H., Marshall, A.R., Neill, D.A., Nunez Vargas, P., Pitman, N.C.A., Poorter, L., Reitsma, J., Silveira, M., Sonke, B., Sunderland, T., Taedoumg, H., Ter Steege, H., Terborgh, J.W., Umetsu, R.K., van der Heijden, G.M.F., Vilanova, E., Vos, V., White, L.J.T., Willcock, S., Zemagho, L. & Vanderwel, M.C. (2020) Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa. Ecology, 101,e03052.
Russo, S.E., Wiser, S.K. & Coomes, D.A. (2007) Growth-size scaling relationships of woody plant species differ from predictions of the Metabolic Ecology Model. Ecology Letters, 10, 889-901.
Shi, P.J., Xu, Q., Sandhu, H.S., Gielis, J., Ding, Y.L., Li, H.R. & Dong, X.B. (2015) Comparison of dwarf bamboos (Indocalamus sp.) leaf parameters to determine relationship between spatial density of plants and total leaf area per plant. Ecology and Evolution,5, 4578-4589.
Simard, S.W. (1993) PROBE: Protocol for operational brushing evaluations (first approximation) . Ministry of Forests, Research Program.
Smith, R.J. (2009) Use and misuse of the reduced major axis for line-fitting. American Association of Physical Anthropologists,140, 476-486.
Sumida, A., Miyaura, T. & Torii, H. (2013) Relationships of tree height and diameter at breast height revisited: analyses of stem growth using 20-year data of an even-aged Chamaecyparis obtusa stand.Tree Physiology, 33, 106-118.
Sun, J., Wang, M., Lyu, M., Niklas, K.J., Zhong, Q., Li, M. & Cheng, D. (2019) Stem diameter (and not length) limits twig leaf biomass.Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 185.
Tilman, D. (1982) Resource competition and community structure . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Trouve, R., Bontemps, J.D., Seynave, I., Collet, C. & Lebourgeois, F. (2015) Stand density, tree social status and water stress influence allocation in height and diameter growth of Quercus petraea(Liebl.). Tree Physiology, 35, 1035-1046.
Umeki, K. & Seino, T. (2003) Growth of first-order branches inBetula platyphylla saplings as related to the age, position, size, angle, and light availability of branches. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33, 1276-1286.
Van de Peer, T., Verheyen, K., Kint, V., Van Cleemput, E. & Muys, B. (2017) Plasticity of tree architecture through interspecific and intraspecific competition in a young experimental plantation.Forest Ecology and Management, 385, 1-9.
Wang, C.-S., Tang, C., Hein, S., Guo, J.-J., Zhao, Z.-G. & Zeng, J. (2018) Branch development of five-year-old Betula alnoides plantations in response to planting density. Forests, 9, 42.
Wang, W., English, N.B., Grossiord, C., Gessler, A., Das, A.J., Stephenson, N.L., Baisan, C.H., Allen, C.D. & McDowell, N.G. (2021) Mortality predispositions of conifers across western USA. New Phytologist, 229, 831-844.
Warton, D.I., Duursma, R.A., Falster, D.S. & Taskinen, S. (2012) smatr 3- an R package for estimation and inference about allometric lines.Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 257-259.
Wright, I.J., Reich, P.B., Westoby, M., Ackerly, D.D., Baruch, Z., Bongers, F., Cavender-Bares, J., Chapin, T., Cornelissen, J.H., Diemer, M., Flexas, J., Garnier, E., Groom, P.K., Gulias, J., Hikosaka, K., Lamont, B.B., Lee, T., Lee, W., Lusk, C., Midgley, J.J., Navas, M.L., Niinemets, U., Oleksyn, J., Osada, N., Poorter, H., Poot, P., Prior, L., Pyankov, V.I., Roumet, C., Thomas, S.C., Tjoelker, M.G., Veneklaas, E.J. & Villar, R. (2004) The worldwide leaf economics spectrum.Nature, 428, 821-827.
Xiao, X., Wei, X., Liu, Y., Ouyang, X., Li, Q. & Ning, J. (2015) Aerial seeding: An effective forest restoration method in highly degraded forest landscapes of sub-tropic regions. Forests, 6,1748-1762.
Xu, Y., Iida, Y., Huang, H., Shi, Z., Franklin, S.B., Luo, Y., Bao, D.C., Qiao, X., Lu, Z. & Jiang, M. (2019) Linkages between tree architectural designs and life-history strategies in a subtropical montane moist forest. Forest Ecology and Management,438, 1-9.
Zhang, X., Chhin, S., Fu, L., Lu, L., Duan, A. & Zhang, J. (2019a) Climate-sensitive tree height–diameter allometry for Chinese fir in southern China. Forestry, 92, 167-176.
Zhang, X., Wang, H., Chhin, S. & Zhang, J. (2020) Effects of competition, age and climate on tree slenderness of Chinese fir plantations in southern China. Forest Ecology and Management,458, 117815.
Zhang, Z., Zhong, Q., Niklas, K.J., Cai, L., Yang, Y. & Cheng, D. (2016) A predictive nondestructive model for the covariation of tree height, diameter, and stem volume scaling relationships.Scientific Reports, 6, 31008.
Zhang, Z., Zhou, F., Pan, X., van Kleunen, M., Liu, M. & Li, B. (2019b) Evolution of increased intraspecific competitive ability following introduction: The importance of relatedness among genotypes.Journal of Ecology, 107, 387-395.
Table 1 Aboveground biomass and mean growth rate (mean ± se, n = 17) of trees of different growth vigor. Different lowercase denotes significant differences at the 0.05 level.