2.1 Literature Review
The literature review was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), and Google Scholar databases from Jan 2015 through April 2020. The first phase established an investigation according to the features and strategies of each electronic database (Supplementary Material S2 - Table 3). All the researchers conducted independent searches to define MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms and search strategies, which were validated by three experts (IGD, IFK, EMD). The researchers first screened the titles and then the abstracts (BMF; GOR; ETBM; GNV). To retrieve the publications in PubMed, The MeSH terms were organized into four blocks: Block 1 (markers of mediators of inflammation): ”Interleukin-1” OR ”Interleukin-6” OR ”Inflammation” OR ”Nitric Oxide” OR ”Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II” OR ”Nitrites” OR ”Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha”; AND Block 2 (cells): ”Cells, Cultured” OR ”Macrophages” OR ”Macrophages, Peritoneal” OR ”Mice”; AND Block 3 (lipopolysaccharide): ”Endotoxins”; AND Block 4 (anti-inflammatory agents): ”Anti-Inflammatory Agents” OR ”Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal” OR ”Anti-Inflammatory Agents” [Pharmacological Action] OR ”Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal” [Pharmacological Action]. In the other databases, we searched for the terms that would retrieve potential studies, and used the topic strategy for the Web of Science (topic), Scopus (title/keyword/abstract), and Embase (Emtree terms) databases, applying filters for language (English), time period and article. In Google Scholar, we used the following strategy: ”inflammation” OR ”cytokines” AND “RAW 264.7” AND ”lipopolysaccharide” AND ”Anti-inflammatory agents” (PDF file and period 2015-2020). The references retrieved from the searches were organized in EndNote Reference Manager and Rayyan QCRI web and mobile app.