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\begin{document}

\title{Fruit bat migration matches green wave in seasonal landscapes}



\author[1]{Edward Hurme}%
\author[2]{Jakob Fahr}%
\author[3]{Bakwo Fils Eric-Moise}%
\author[4]{C Tom Hash}%
\author[5]{Teague O'Mara}%
\author[6]{Heidi Richter}%
\author[7]{Iroro Tanshi}%
\author[8]{Paul Webala}%
\author[1]{Natalie Weber}%
\author[1]{Martin Wikelski}%
\author[1]{Dina Dechmann}%
\affil[1]{Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior}%
\affil[2]{Max Planck Institute for Ornithology}%
\affil[3]{Université de Maroua}%
\affil[4]{ICRISAT}%
\affil[5]{Southeastern Louisiana University}%
\affil[6]{Bellevue College}%
\affil[7]{Texas Tech University System}%
\affil[8]{Maasai Mara University}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Migrating animals respond to seasonal changes in the environment, and
therefore they should time migration to coincide with peaks in resource
abundance. However, it is unclear if and how frugivorous animals use
phenological events to time migration, especially in the tropics. The
straw-colored fruit bat (\emph{Eidolon helvum}), Africa's most
gregarious fruit bat and a key seed disperser, forms large seasonal
colonies through much of sub-Saharan Africa. We hypothesized that
aggregations of straw-colored fruit bats match the timing of their
migration with some landscape phenologies. Using monthly colony counts
from seventeen sites across much of their range, we matched peak colony
size to peaks in remote sensing measures of enhanced vegetation index
(EVI), instantaneous rate of green up (IRG), precipitation (PRP), and
the instantaneous rate of change of precipitation (IRP). Peak colony
size was closest to peak IRG (60\% of peak sizes occur within 1 month of
peak IRG), while IRP was a close second. Sites with closer temporal
matching by colonies typically had higher maximum EVI, high seasonal
variation, or a short growing season, and larger peak colony size.
\emph{E. helvum} seem to time their migrations to move into highly
seasonal landscapes and away from their core distributional range in the
tropical forest belt to exploit short-lived explosions of food. The link
between rapid changes in colony size and phenological match may also
imply a potential collective sensing of the environment, which could be
threatened by overall decreasing bat numbers along with various threats
faced by large colonies.%
\end{abstract}%



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