First authors, Years, Country
Age (years) M ± SD median (IQR/range) (I/C)
Sample size (I/C)
Intervention (duration)
Control
Fellow-up time (months)
Outcome (measures)
Han, 2019, Korea
45(35-54)/43(30-52)
70/66
Mobile application for medication management (6 months)
Education on the importance of adherence
6
Medication adherence— BAASIS Medication adherence— electronic monitoring medication 3.Kidney function—eGFR
McGillicuddy, 2013, USA
42.44/57.6
9/10
Mobile phone-based medication monitoring (3 months)
Education related to post- transplantation medical care
3
Medication adherence— Russell et al.’s adherence score Patient satisfaction
Reese, 2017, USA I1: 50 ± 12 I2: 50 ± 11 C: 49 ± 11
40/39/38
Automated medication reminders with wireless pill bottle and physician notification (6 months)
Wireless pill bottle that provided no alerts
6
Medication adherence— BAASIS Medication adherence— wireless pill bottle openings 3.Tac level 4.CVs for Tac level 5.The proportion of patients obtaining normal tacrolimus trough variability
Henriksson, 2016, Sweden 44.3(9-68)/ 45.0(2-69)
40:40
Electronic medication dispenser (12 months)
Standard care
12
Medication adherence— electronic medication dispenser Tac level Rejection Kidney function—creatinine Cost-Effectiveness
McGillicuddy, 2020, USA 52.1 ± 11.3/ 51.5 ± 12.5
40/40
An electronic medication tray with reminder capabilities enabled, a Bluetoothenabled BP monitor, and the SMASK (Smartphone Medication Adherence Saves Kidneys) smartphone app. (6 months) An electronic medication tray that provided no alerts and received text messages with healthy lifestyle tips
12
Medication adherence—the electronic Vaica medication trays The proportion of patients obtaining normal tacrolimus trough variability
Jung, 2020, Korea 49.9±10.0/ 49.0±12.2
51/54
Information and communication technology (ICT)-based centralized monitoring system. (6 months)
The ambulatory follow-up group
6
1.Tac level 2.CVs for Tac level 3.Patient satisfaction 4.Kidney function—eGFR
Schmid, 2017, German 46(18-59)/ 51(19-66)
23/23
Telemedically supported case management (12 months)
Standard aftercare
12
1.Composite adherence percentage: Collateral reports (physicians, nurses) and the target tacrolimus trough levels 2.Acute rejection 3.Cost-Effectiveness
Low, 2019, Australia 53.6 (11.3)/ 48.4 (11.1)
29/31
A face-to-face meeting (a medication review and a consumer-centred video) and health coaching every two weeks, and medication event monitoring system (3 months) Standard aftercare and medication event monitoring system
12
Medication adherence— BAASIS 2.Medication adherence— medication event monitoring system
Fleming, 2021, USA 50.2(12.3)/ 51.2 (13.7)
68/68
mHealth app, clinical pharmacist–led supplemental medication therapy monitoring and management. (12 months)
Standard aftercare
12
The proportion of patients obtaining normal tacrolimus trough variability Patient satisfaction