Intervention Programs
Most studies used only one eHealth intervention, and a small number of studies used a combination of two eHealth interventions. Details of the intervention for each study are as follows. In Han et al.(24 ) study, the intervention group was provided with a mobile application for medication management. The features of the application included reminders that reported on the state of the medication, monitored the state of the participant’s medication, and provided education on immunosuppressants. In McGillicuddy et al. (19 , 20 ), the intervention group received customizable reminder signals (light, chime), phone calls or text messages at the prescribed dosing day and time. They were also contacted by text, email, or phone when alerts indicated medication non-adherence. In Reese et al.’s study (21 ), the intervention group received reminders, in which a light on the bottle would illuminate and the cap would chime when the medication should be taken. If adherence decreased to < 90% every 2 weeks, the study coordinator would contact the participant by telephone. In Jung et al(23 ), both patients and the medical staff received feedback in the form of texts and pill box alarms in the event of a dosage/dosing time error or a missed dose. In Fleming et al (22 ), mHealth app provided patients with an accurate list of their medication regimen that was automatically updated from the electronic medical record (EMR), timely medication reminders, automated messages triggered by missed doses or scheduled health monitoring. In low et al(26 ), the intervention consisted of a face-to-face meeting (a medication review and a consumer-centred video) and a series of 6 fortnightly telephone calls (health coaching). In Henriksson et al. (27 ), at the prescribed time for taking the medication, the electronic medication dispenser (EMD) gave visual and audible signals. If the patient did not take their medication, the audible signal was repeated with increasing frequency for 120 minutes. Schmid et al. (25 ) adopted telemedically supported case management, included (i) a chronic case management process for the first year posttransplant; (ii) a case management process applicable for acute care situations; and (iii) a telemedically equipped team. Members comprised a transplant nurse case manager (TNCM) and two senior transplant physicians (STP: surgeon and nephrologist).