References
1. Christian B, Michael A. Iron deficiency in gynecology and obstetrics:
clinical implications and management. Hematology American Society of
Hematology Education Program. 2017;2017(1).
2. Zuguo M, E CM, C LA, M PC, E CS, A LD, et al. Assessment of iron
status in US pregnant women from the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2006. Mei Zuguo;Cogswell Mary
E;Looker Anne C;Pfeiffer Christine M;Cusick Sarah E;Lacher David
A;Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. 2011;93(6).
3. O ST. Iron status during pregnancy: setting the stage for mother and
infant. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2005;81(5).
4. Leqi H, Chunmei S, Yanan Z, Zaoping C, Heyuan D, Jun L, et al.
Evaluation of serum ferritin and thyroid function in the second
trimester of pregnancy. Endocrine journal. 2018;65(1).
5. W BT, R PJ, K GM, W AG. Perinatal iron and copper deficiencies alter
neonatal rat circulating and brain thyroid hormone concentrations.
Endocrinology. 2010;151(8).
6. W BT, C LK, W AG, R PJ. Maternal iron supplementation attenuates the
impact of perinatal copper deficiency but does not eliminate
hypotriiodothyroninemia nor impaired sensorimotor development. The
Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2011;22(11).
7. K GM. Iron deficiency in pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics
and gynecology. 2020;223(4).
8. Zimmermann MB, Hurrell RF. Nutritional iron deficiency. The Lancet.
2007;370(9586).
9. Breymann C. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy. Seminars in
Hematology. 2015;52(4).
10. Springer D, Jiskra J, Limanova Z, Zima T, Potlukova E. Thyroid in
pregnancy: From physiology to screening. Critical Reviews in Clinical
Laboratory Sciences. 2017;54(2).
11. Bernal J. Thyroid hormone regulated genes in cerebral cortex
development. Journal of Endocrinology. 2017;232(2).
12. Linding AS, Allan C, Jesper K, Bülow PI, Stig A. MECHANISMS IN
ENDOCRINOLOGY: Neurodevelopmental disorders in children born to mothers
with thyroid dysfunction: evidence of fetal programming? European
journal of endocrinology. 2017;177(1).
13. Giovanni P, Cosimo G, Francesco C. Effect of Thyroid Hormones on
Neurons and Neurodevelopment. Hormone research in paediatrics. 2018.
14. De Leo S, Lee SY, Braverman LE. Hyperthyroidism. The Lancet.
2016;388(10047):906-18.
15. Chaker L, Bianco AC, Jonklaas J, Peeters RP. Hypothyroidism. The
Lancet. 2017;390(10101):1550-62.
16. Zhang Y, Huang X, Chen Z, Yang Q, Li X, Zhang R, et al. Iron
Deficiency, a Risk Factor for Thyroid Autoimmunity During Second
Trimester of Pregnancy in China. Endocrine Practice. 2020;26(6).
17. Khatiwada S, Gelal B, Baral N, Lamsal M. Association between iron
status and thyroid function in Nepalese children. Thyroid Research.
2016;9(1).
18. Branch CMAPM. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of gestational
iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Chinese Journal of Perinatal
Medicine 2014:451-4.
19. Zhongyan S, Lulu C, Xiaolan L, Chao L, Bingyin S, Lixin S, et al.
Iodine Status and Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders After Introduction of
Mandatory Universal Salt Iodization for 16 Years in China: A
Cross-Sectional Study in 10 Cities. Thyroid : official journal of the
American Thyroid Association. 2016;26(8).
20. Xing J, Yuan E, Li J, Zhang Y, Meng X, Zhang X, et al. Trimester-
and Assay-Specific Thyroid Reference Intervals for Pregnant Women in
China. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2016;2016.
21. B ZM, Hans B, F HR. Iron deficiency predicts poor maternal thyroid
status during pregnancy. Pubmed. 2007;92(9).
22. Fu J, Yang A, Zhao J, Zhu Y, Gu Y, Xu Y, et al. The relationship
between iron level and thyroid function during the first trimester of
pregnancy: A cross-sectional study in Wuxi, China. Journal of Trace
Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2017;43.
23. Y HS, B ZM, Myrtha A, Wolfgang L, F HR. Iron deficiency anemia
reduces thyroid peroxidase activity in rats. The Journal of nutrition.
2002;132(7).
24. SUPADMI S, KUSRINI I, KUSUMAWARDANI HD. The Influence of Iron
Depletion and Chronic Energy Deficiency on the Risk of Hypothyroidism in
Pregnant Women Living in Iodine Deficiency Disorders Endemic Areas in
Badegan Ponorogo District East Java, Indonesia:Public Health Nutrition.
Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2020;66(Supplement).
25. Xiaochun T, Zhongyan S, Chenyan L, Xiaohui Y, Jinyuan M, Weiwei W,
et al. Iron Deficiency May Predict Greater Risk for Hypothyroxinemia: A
Retrospective Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in China. Thyroid :
official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2018.
26. L BJ, E BD, K KS, H GM. Plasma thyroid hormone kinetics are altered
in iron-deficient rats. The Journal of nutrition. 1998;128(8).
27. M. SS, E. JP, C. LH. In vitro hepatic thyroid hormone deiodination
in iron-deficient rats: Effect of dietary fat. Smith Scott M;Johnson
Phyllis E;Lukaski Henry C. 1993;53(8).
28. I SM. Effect of thyrotropin on thyroidal iodine metabolism during
hypoxia. The American journal of physiology. 1969;216(2).
29. Xiaona H, Xiaochun T, Hongzhi Z, Zhongyan S, Jing L, Ting J, et al.
Iron deficiency without anemia causes maternal hypothyroxinemia in
pregnant rats. Nutrition research (New York, NY). 2014;34(7).
30. Kyungmin K, Woo KG, Jungmin W. The Quality of Life of Hemodialysis
Patients Is Affected Not Only by Medical but also Psychosocial Factors:
a Canonical Correlation Study. Journal of Korean medical science.
2018;33(14).
31. Kowalski J, Tu XM, Jia G, Perlis M, Frank E, Crits‐Christoph P, et
al. Generalized covariance‐adjusted canonical correlation analysis with
application to psychiatry. Statistics in Medicine. 2003;22(4).
32. Teipel SJ, Grothe MJ, Metzger CD, Grimmer T, Sorg C, Ewers M, et al.
Robust Detection of Impaired Resting State Functional Connectivity
Networks in Alzheimer’s Disease Using Elastic Net Regularized
Regression. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:318.
33. Jerome F, Trevor H, Rob T. Regularization Paths for Generalized
Linear Models via Coordinate Descent. Journal of statistical software.
2010;33(1).
34. Mariacarla M, Francesco T, Francesco V. Thyroid physiology in
pregnancy. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College
of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical
Endocrinologists. 2014;20(6).
Table 1 Demographic characteristics,
thyroid hormones, and iron nutrition of pregnant women during the second
trimester