References
1. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine 2020;382:1708-1720.
2. Saito S, Asai Y, Matsunaga N, et al. First and second COVID-19 waves in Japan: A comparison of disease severity and characteristics. J Infect November 2020.
3. Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Diamond C, et al. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2020;20:553-558.
4. Wu P, Hao X, Lau EHY, et al. Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020;25:2000044.
5. Terada M, Ohtsu H, Saito S, et al. Risk factors for severity on admission and the disease progression during hospitalisation in a large cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Japan. BMJ Open 2021;11:e047007.
6. Pastor-Barriuso R, Pérez-Gómez B, Hernán MA, et al. Infection fatality risk for SARS-CoV-2 in community dwelling population of Spain: nationwide seroepidemiological study. BMJ 2020;371:m4509.
7. Tsai Y, Vogt TM, Zhou F. Patient Characteristics and Costs Associated With COVID-19-Related Medical Care Among Medicare Fee-for-Service Beneficiaries. Ann Intern Med June 2021.
8. Davies NG, Jarvis CI, Edmunds WJ, Jewell NP, Diaz-Ordaz K, Keogh RH. Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7. Nature 2021;593:270-274.
9. Mori H, Obinata H, Murakami W, et al. Comparison of COVID-19 disease between young and elderly patients: Hidden viral shedding of COVID-19. J Infect Chemother 2021;27:70-75.
10. Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. Journal of Infection February 2020.
11. Matsunaga N, Hayakawa K, Terada M, et al. Clinical epidemiology of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Japan: Report of the COVID-19 REGISTRY JAPAN. Clin Infect Dis September 2020.
12. The National Health Service England. National Early Warning Score (NEWS). Available at https://www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/clinical-policy/sepsis/nationalearlywarningscore/. Accessed 28 January 2021.
13. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2018.
14. Patone M, Thomas K, Hatch R, et al. Analysis of severe outcomes associated with the SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern 202012/01 in England using ICNARC Case Mix Programme and QResearch databases. medRxiv March 2021:2021.03.11.21253364.
15. McCabe R, Kont MD, Schmit N, et al. Modelling intensive care unit capacity under different epidemiological scenarios of the COVID-19 pandemic in three Western European countries. International Journal of Epidemiology 2021.
16. Unwin HJT, Mishra S, Bradley VC, et al. State-level tracking of COVID-19 in the United States. Nat Commun 2020;11:6189.
17. Bravata DM, Perkins AJ, Myers LJ, et al. Association of Intensive Care Unit Patient Load and Demand With Mortality Rates in US Department of Veterans Affairs Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e2034266.
18. Verelst F, Kuylen E, Beutels P. Indications for healthcare surge capacity in European countries facing an exponential increase in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases, March 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020;25:2000323.
19. Haldane V, De Foo C, Abdalla SM, et al. Health systems resilience in managing the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from 28 countries. Nat Med May 2021.
20. Kokudo N, Sugiyama H. Hospital capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic. GHM 2021;3:56-59.
21. NHK. Situation and response to COVID-19 in each prefecture. Available at https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/special/coronavirus/tokyo/. Accessed 16 June 2021.
22. Tsukahara H, Higashionna T, Tsuge M, Miyamura J, Kusano N. COVID-19 in Okayama Prefecture: Looking back and looking forward. GHM 2021;3:102-106.
23. Xie L, Yang H, Zheng X, Wu Y, Lin X, Shen Z. Medical resources and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mortality rate: Evidence and implications from Hubei province in China. PLOS ONE 2021;16:e0244867.
24. Costantino G, Solbiati M, Elli S, et al. Utility of hospitalization for elderly individuals affected by COVID-19. PLOS ONE 2021;16:e0250730.