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\begin{document}

\title{Is there any association between direction of nasal deviation and hand
dominance in male adolescents?}



\author[1]{Melekber Çavuş Özkan}%
\author[1]{Erdem Tezel}%
\affil[1]{Marmara University School of Medicine}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Objectives: This study aims to investigate incidence of nostril
asymmetry and deviation of nasal bony pyramid and caudal septum and to
examine their association with dominant hand in male adolescents.
Methods: Totally 546 male healthy adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were
included. Each participant was examined for presence or absence of nasal
bone pyramidal deviation, caudal septal deviation, side of deviation,
and nostril asymmetry. The dominant hand was recorded. Results: Of
participants, 85 were aged 15 years, 291 were aged 16 years, and 168
were aged 17 years. Mean age was 16.148\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.667 years. Of all
participants, 91\% (n=497) were right-handed and 9\% (n=49) were
left-handed. Distribution of the dominant hand across age groups was
comparable (p=0.921). In case of deviation to the right, 61.2\% (n=74)
were right-hand dominant, while 58.3\% (n=7) of those with deviation to
the left were left-hand dominant. According to hand dominance and size
of nostrils, 92.1\% (n=105) of those with a larger left nostril were
right-handed and 7.9\% (n=9) were left-handed. Conclusions: Male
adolescents had a significant deviation of caudal septum to the right
side with smaller right nostrils. However, hand dominance and side of
deviation were not significantly associated with nasal bony pyramid and
caudal septum.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Abstract}

\textbf{Objectives} : This study aims to investigate incidence of
nostril asymmetry and deviation of nasal bony pyramid and caudal septum
and to examine their association with dominant hand in male adolescents.

\textbf{Methods:} Totally 546 male healthy adolescents aged 15 to 17
years were included. Each participant was examined for presence or
absence of nasal bone pyramidal deviation, caudal septal deviation, side
of deviation, and nostril asymmetry. The dominant hand was recorded.

\textbf{Results:} Of participants, 85 were aged 15 years, 291 were aged
16 years, and 168 were aged 17 years. Mean age was 16.148\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.667 years.
Of all participants, 91\% (n=497) were right-handed and 9\% (n=49) were
left-handed. Distribution of the dominant hand across age groups was
comparable (p=0.921). In case of deviation to the right, 61.2\% (n=74)
were right-hand dominant, while 58.3\% (n=7) of those with deviation to
the left were left-hand dominant. According to hand dominance and size
of nostrils, 92.1\% (n=105) of those with a larger left nostril were
right-handed and 7.9\% (n=9) were left-handed.

\textbf{Conclusions:} Male adolescents had a significant deviation of
caudal septum to the right side with smaller right nostrils. However,
hand dominance and side of deviation were not significantly associated
with nasal bony pyramid and caudal septum.

\textbf{Keywords:} Nasal bone, Nasal Septum, Acquired~Nasal~Deformities,
Handedness.

\textbf{Key points:}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Hand dominance and its association with the dominant side in double
  organs.
\item
  The etiological factors of nasal deviation can be classified into two
  main groups (developmental/genetic and acquired).
\item
  In the study group, 91\% were right-handed and 9\% were left-handed.
\item
  Comparison of hand dominance and deviations of the nasal bony pyramid
  showed that, of those with deviation to the right, 61.2\% were
  right-hand dominant, while 58.3\% of those with deviation to the left
  were left-hand dominant.
\item
  In this study hand dominance and side of the deviation were not
  significantly associated with nasal bony pyramid and caudal nasal
  deviation.
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Introduction}

As the right-hand dominance is undoubtedly more common in the general
population, hand dominance and its association with the dominant side in
double organs such as feet, eyes (vision), ear (hearing), nostrils
(smell and breathing), and whether such organs have also a dominant side
have long been a matter of scientific curiosity and controversy. Some
authors have shown a correlation between hand dominance and feet, ear,
nostrils and eyes, while some others have not (1-7).

The etiology, prevalence, treatment, and complications of nasal
deviation have also long been investigated. The etiological factors can
be classified into two main groups. The first and larger group includes
the developmental and genetic factors. Twin studies showed similar
deviations in the bony septum, also called the posterior septum, as well
as in the posterior part of the cartilage septum, while anterior septal
deviations did not exhibit any similarities (8). These findings have led
to the conclusion that posterior septal deviations are mainly caused by
genetic factors, while the anterior septal deviations may be more
related to developmental factors (8, 9). The second etiological group
includes the acquired causes. In most cases, an individual sustains at
least one minor or major nasal trauma during his/her lifetime. The most
common reasons for nasal trauma during the neonatal period include the
compaction of the fetus, facial compression in the birth canal, and
facedown falls during the infancy where head control is not totally
complete (10), whereas being punched on the face, falls, traffic
accidents, sports injuries and similar conditions play a more important
role in adolescents (11).

Caudal septal deviations involve the caudal part of the septum and may
lead to cosmetic problems due to low nose tip, dorsal hump, asymmetry of
the nostrils, or columella deviation (12). Depending on the severity of
the deviation, varying degrees of respiratory difficulties may occur due
to the narrowing of the internal nasal valve (13). In some cases, the
caudal septal deviations may be accompanied by other deviations of both
cartilage and bony septum. It has been proposed that caudal septal
deviations are more likely to be caused by traumatic and iatrogenic
factors (8).

In the present study, we hypothesized those congenital nasal dorsal
deviations, caudal septal deviations, and nostril asymmetry could be
linked with handedness. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the
incidence of nostril asymmetry and deviation of the nasal bony pyramid
and caudal septum and to examine their association with the dominant
hand.

\textbf{Materials and methods}

This single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted at XXX
University, School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive
and Aesthetic Surgery Department between September 2017 and June 2018. A
total of 546 male adolescents aged 15 to 17 years without any known
history of major facial trauma and sport injuries were included in the
study. Those with a history of major nasal trauma, nasal surgery,
congenital and/or acquired cranio-facial and hand anomalies were
excluded. The participants were randomly selected from six high schools
of XXX municipality of XXX province. All participants were informed
about the nature of the study and a written informed consent was
obtained from parents and/or legal guardians of the participants. The
study protocol was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee (No:
09.2016.275; Date: 01/04/2016). The study was conducted in accordance
with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

All examinations were performed by a single plastic surgeon through
inspection. The midline was determined using the midpoint of the nasion
and nasal spine. Accordingly, each participant was examined for the
presence or absence of nasal bone pyramidal deviation, caudal septal
deviation, side of the deviation, and nostril asymmetry. The data were
recorded in the Microsoft Excel table.

The dominant hand was recorded on the personal profile of the
participant for the preferred hand mostly used for activities such as
writing, using forks and knives, throwing objects, grabbing door
handles, and waving.

According to the XXX District Governorship data, there were a total of
34,612 high school students with the overall district population of
712,000 individuals at the time of this study, representing 5\% of the
population (14). Using the simple random sampling, minimum 203
participants were required with d=0.03 and p=0.05.

Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY,
USA). Descriptive data were expressed in mean ± standard deviation (SD),
median (min-max) or number and frequency, where applicable. The
normality was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test. As the normality was
not achieved, non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for pairwise
comparisons. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for multiple
comparisons. A p value of \textless{}0.05 was considered statistically
significant.

\textbf{Results}

A total of 633 male adolescents were examined, 87 were excluded
according to exclusion criterions and 546 healthy were included. Of
these participants, 85 were aged 15 years, 291 were aged 16 years, and
168 were aged 17 years. The mean age was 16.148±0.667 (range, 15 to 17)
years. Dominant hand, deviation of the nasal bony pyramid, and caudal
septal deviation according to age groups are shown in Table 1.

In the overall study group, 91\% (n=497) were right-handed and 9\%
(n=49) were left-handed. The distribution of the dominant hand across
the age groups was comparable (p=0.921). The association between hand
dominance and nasal bony pyramid deviation, caudal septal deviation, and
nostril asymmetry are shown in Table 2.

Of all cases with deviation of the nasal bony pyramid (n=133, 24.4\%),
the deviation was to the right in 59.4\% (n=79) and to the left in
40.6\% (n=54). Although there were more cases with deviation to the
right, it did not reach statistical significance (p=0.190).

The caudal septum was in the midline in 74.4\% of the participants
(n=406), while it was deviated in 25.6\% (n=140). Of the deviations,
74.2\% (n=104) was to the right, and 25.8\% (n=36) was to the left.
Although the incidence of caudal septal deviations declined with
increasing age, it did not reach statistical significance (p=0.309).

Examination of the nostril asymmetry showed symmetrical nostrils in
72.3\% (n=395) and asymmetrical nostrils in 27.7\% of the participants
(n=151). Asymmetry was reduced with aging, although this reduction was
not statistically significant (p=0.325).

Comparison of hand dominance and deviations of the nasal bony pyramid
showed that, of those with deviation to the right, 61.2\% (n=74) were
right-hand dominant, while 58.3\% (n=7) of those with deviation to the
left were left-hand dominant. Although the side of the deviation of the
nasal bony pyramid tended to favor the side of the dominant hand, it did
not reach statistical significance (p=0.158).

According to the association between hand dominance and caudal septal
deviation, of those with caudal septal deviation to the right, 76.6\%
(n=98) were right-handed and 50\% (n=6) of those with deviation to the
left were left-handed (p=0.077). According to the hand dominance and the
size of nostrils, 92.1\% (n=105) of those with a larger left nostril
were right-handed and 7.9\% (n=9) were left-handed; however, the
difference was not statistically significant (p=0.333).

In 84.6\% of the participants with caudal septal deviation to the right,
the nasal bony pyramid deviation was toward the right side. In 91.2\% of
the participants with septal deviation to the left, the nasal bony
pyramid deviation was to the left side. This tendency was statically
significant (p\textless{}0.05). Among those with caudal septal deviation
to the right, 95.2\% had a smaller right nostril, while the left nostril
was smaller in those with a deviation to the left, indicating a
statistically significant association (p\textless{}0.05) (Table 3).

\textbf{Discussion}

Although the mechanisms underlying the asymmetry of the human face has
been subject to comprehensive research, no conclusive results have been
obtained to date. Several factors including developmental or genetic
factors, as well as those related to soft tissue orientation, prenatal
stress, and environment (low temperature) have been described in the
literature (15, 16). One of the hypotheses proposed by Moss is that the
septal deviation has a negative impact on facial development, with the
affected side being less well-developed (17). Another hypothesis has
proposed that the nasal septum is also asymmetrical and deviated as a
result of the development of the facial bones (18, 19).

Hafezi et al. evaluated facial asymmetry in deviated noses and reported
that the left side of the nose, left half of the face, and left side of
the body were greater in size, and that the nose was deviated to the
less well-developed side (20). Furthermore, Ercan et al. (2008) found
higher dimensions in the anatomical structures forming the left half of
the face in a Turkish cohort. In our study, the bony nasal pyramid was
deviated to the right and left in 59.4\% and 40.6\% of those
participants with an asymmetric bony nasal pyramid, respectively.
Although the difference was statistically insignificant, a trend for
right-sided deviation was observed.

In a previous study examining whether nasal growth differed by sex, the
nasal growth was completed at 15.8 and 16.9 years of age in boys
respectively, indicating a statistically significant difference (21). In
another study evaluating the extent of variation in timing, duration,
and intensity of growth in the craniofacial complex during childhood and
adolescence, Nahhas et al. reported that, in male adolescents, as
opposed to females, the peak velocity of the anteroposterior growth of
the maxilla occurred earlier than 14 years of age, and that the growth
continued until the age of 20 years, although it was at a lower
rate(22). In the current study including male adolescents aged 15, 16,
and 17 years, the nasal bony pyramid deviation, caudal septal deviation,
and nostril asymmetry did not increase and, on the contrary, a minimal,
insignificant degree of reduction was observed. Based on these findings,
we can speculate that male adolescents in these age groups reach a
stable point during nasal growth.

Caudal septal deviations refer to deviations of the one-third caudal
portion of the nose. Although review of the literature reveals several
studies on problems (aesthetic and/or functional) associated with the
caudal septal deviations and proposing treatment recommendations, there
is no study available examining its incidence during adolescence
(between 15 and 17 years of age). The classification for septal
deviation proposed by Mladina et al. (1987) includes Type 1, 2, and 4
caudal septal deviations and allows a diagnosis to be established by
inspection and Cottle's maneuver. In another study Marin and Mladina
(2001) reported that the overall incidence of Type 1, 2, and 4
deviations among patients aged between 15 and 18 years was 40.7\%.
Although no significant correlation was observed with caudal deviations
and sex, Type 1 was the most common type with a significant decline with
aging. In the aforementioned studies, no data regarding the side of the
deviation were given. In contrast, 25.6\% of the participants had caudal
septal deviation and, of these, 74.2\% were to the right in our study.
Since septal deviation has an impact on the size of nostrils, it is not
surprising to observe smaller nostrils in participants with septal
deviation to the right. Similarly, in 75.5\% of the adolescents with
asymmetric nostrils, the right nostril was smaller.

In general, questionnaires and performance studies are utilized to
evaluate the hand dominance. Among these, questionnaires are more
frequently used tools thanks to their practical nature. In this study,
we asked participants to choose one of their hand as dominant according
to daily tasks such as writing, use of knives and forks, throwing, and
tooth brushing. Some large-scale studies have reported a prevalence of
89.6\% to 94.1\% for right-hand dominance (23). Consistent with these
reports, 91\% and 9\% of our participants were right- and left-hand
dominant, respectively. Since nasal deviations without a major trauma
are thought to have developmental and genetic underlying mechanisms, we
attempted to evaluate the possible relationships between hand dominance
and nasal deviations in our study. To the best of our knowledge, there
is no study available investigating this potential link. Among our
adolescent boys cohort, 61.2\% of those with a nasal deviation to the
right had right-hand dominance, while 58.3\% of those with nasal
deviation to the left were left-hand dominant. Although these
associations were not statistically significant, a trend in nasal
deviations was noted toward the side of the hand dominance.

Furthermore, in those with caudal septal deviation to the right, 76.6\%
were right-hand dominant, while 50\% were left-hand dominant in those
with a deviation to the left. Again, these associations were not
significant. This might be due to a small number of adolescents with
caudal septal deviation and left-hand dominance. In our study, the
caudal part of the septum was evaluated through inspection, without the
use of any equipment (speculum, endoscope) or imaging studies such as
direct X ray or computed tomography. Inspection allows the assessment of
the nasal bony pyramid and caudal septum only. This examination method
was chosen on the basis of the fact that it was non-invasive and
associated with minimal discomfort, suitable for adolescents under 18
years of age with no history of trauma. Although inspection is
considered adequate for the accurate evaluation of the asymmetry,
quantitative measurements (speculum and endoscopic examination) and
imaging studies would allow better quantification of such conditions.

Another main finding of the present study is that 84.6\% of those with
caudal septal deviation had nasal bone pyramid deviation to the right,
and 91.2\% of those with a septal deviation to the left had nasal bone
pyramid deviation to the left. This finding supports the axiom ``as the
septum goes, so goes the nose'' proposed by Maurice Cottle and suggests
that the nasal septum also determines the direction of the external
deviation. In this context, it may be worth noting that the importance
of the cartilage septum on the development of the nose and maxilla was
underscored by Verwoerd and Verwoerd-Verhoef (24).

Nonetheless, there are some limitations to this study. First, no imaging
tool such as CT or nasal endoscopy was used for a more accurate
evaluation of the septal deviation. Determination of nasal septal
deviation was done by purely visual analysis, so there would be many
false negatives which would skew the data. Second, the hand dominance
was evaluated for the left and right hands and ambidexterity was
disregarded. In general, two tests are used to evaluate hand dominance:
one for self-report questionnaire and the other one for functional
ability and skills. In this study, however, hand dominance was evaluated
by questioning the preference of hand during daily living activities
such as writing. We used this method to improve the attention of
adolescents to the questionnaire. Also, the school setting did not allow
for a functional evaluation. Third, this study does not cover girls
since it was conducted in schools where only boys attend. We are of the
opinion that it will be appropriate to include girls in the next studies
to obtain the correct results.

\textbf{Conclusions}

In conclusion, our study results showed that adolescents had a
significant deviation of the caudal septum to the right side with
smaller right nostrils. However, hand dominance and side of the
deviation were not significantly associated with nasal bony pyramid and
caudal septum.

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Tables

Table 1. Dominant hand, deviation of the nasal bony pyramid, and caudal
septal deviation according to age groups.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Dominant hand\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Dominant hand\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Dominant hand\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal bony pyramid deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal bony pyramid deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal bony pyramid deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age, years\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
None\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
None\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
None\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right Bigger\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left Bigger\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
15 n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
87\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
15\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
62\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
59\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
92.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17.2\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
71.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
67.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
21.8\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16 n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
263\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
291\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
218\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
212\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
57\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
22\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
206\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
72.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
70.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
22.3\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17 n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
154\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
168\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
130\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
132\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
29\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
130\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
91.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
77.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
78.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.2\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
77.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17.9\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
497\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
546\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
413\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
79\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
406\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
104\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
395\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
114\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
91.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
75.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
72.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.9\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.850\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.850\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.850\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.736\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.736\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.736\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.518\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.518\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.518\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.325\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.325\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.05\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.325\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Data are given in number and frequency, unless otherwise stated.
p\textless{}0.05 indicates statistical significance

Table 2. Association between hand dominance and nasal bony pyramid
deviation, caudal septal deviation, and nostril asymmetry.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal bony pyramid deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal bony pyramid deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal bony pyramid deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Dominant hand\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right Bigger\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left Bigger\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.10\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right hand\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
47\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
121\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
98\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
128\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
105\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
137\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
61.2\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
91.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
76.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
23.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
91.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
23.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
76.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
90.7\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left hand\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
58.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
64.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.3\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
79\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
133\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
104\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
140\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
114\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
151\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
59.4\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
25.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
75.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
100\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.551\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.551\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.551\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.077\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.077\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.077\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.333\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.333\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.07\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.333\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Data are given in number and frequency, unless otherwise stated.
p\textless{}0.05 indicates statistical significance.

Table 3. Association between nasal bony pyramid and caudal septal
deviation and nostril asymmetry.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Caudal septal deviation\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nostril asymmetry\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nasal bony pyramid\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
None\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right Bigger\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left Bigger\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
None\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Right\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
66\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
66\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
63.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.3\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
57.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.3\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Left\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
15\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
86.1\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
75.7\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13.2\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.8\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
None\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
n\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
26\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
385\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
375\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
25.0\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.6\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
94.8\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13.5\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28.9\%\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
94.9\%\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.000\textsuperscript{*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.000\textsuperscript{*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.000\textsuperscript{*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.000\textsuperscript{*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.000\textsuperscript{*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.12\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.000\textsuperscript{*}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Data are given in number and frequency, unless otherwise
stated.\textsuperscript{*}p\textless{}0.05 indicates statistical
significance.

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`tables-final.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/731957/articles/710645-is-there-any-association-between-direction-of-nasal-deviation-and-hand-dominance-in-male-adolescents}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

