Characteristic
Controls (n=302) Cases (n=151)
P value
Maternal age(y) 30.8±6.0 32.1±4.3 <0.0001
Maternal age ≥35 years, n (%) 43 (14.3) 35 (23.2) 0.0184
Nulliparous, n (%) 212 (70.9) 112 (74.2) 0.4658
Education, university degree and above, n (%) 276 (91.4) 136 (90.1) 0.6728
ART, n (%) 36(12.0) 4(2.7) 0.0010
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean±SD 21.6±2.8 22.0±3.0 0.3725
Pre-pregnancy BMI categories, n (%) Pre-pregnancy BMI categories, n (%) Pre-pregnancy BMI categories, n (%) Pre-pregnancy BMI categories, n (%)
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)
31 (10.3)
9 (6.0)
0.0074
Normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2)
237 (78.7)
112 (74.7)
Overweight and obese (≥ 25 kg/m2)
33 (11.0)
29 (19.3)
Gestational age at delivery (week), median (IQR) 39 (38, 40) 38 (37, 39) <0.0001
Mode of delivery Mode of delivery Mode of delivery Mode of delivery
Spontaneous labor
161(53.6)
28(18.5)
<0.0001
Caserean section
139(46.3)
123 (81.5)
Multiple pregnancy 9(2.7) 10(6.6) 0.0284
Pregnancy complications Pregnancy complications Pregnancy complications Pregnancy complications
GDM
30(10.0)
19(12.6)
0.3993
PIH
18(6.0)
27(17.9)
<0.0001
Hypothyroidism
11(3.7)
14(9.3)
0.0138
Preterm birth
15 (5.0)
26 (17.3)
<0.0001
Postpartum hemorrhage
15(5.0)
22(14.6)
0.0005
Ischemic placental diseases
36(12.0)
40(26.5)
<0.0001
Premature rupture of membranes
55 (18.3)
31 (20.5)
0.5646
Placenta previa
3 (1.0)
4 (2.7)
0.1801
Abruptio placentae
3 (1.0)
6 (4.0)
0.0328
Postpartum transfusion 6(2.0) 5(3.3) 0.3916
Infant Gender (female) 153 (50.8) 87 (57.6) 0.1732
Birth Weight (gm) (Mean±SD) 3246±449 3168±663 <0.0001
SGA ≤10th 19(6.3) 10(6.6) 0.8991
LGA ≥90th 17(5.7) 16(10.6) 0.0568
Macrosomia (>4000 g) 11(3.7) 8(5.3) 0.4120
Low birthweight (<2500 g) 13(4.3) 23(15.2) <0.0001
Very low birthweight (<2500 g) 2(0.7) 4(3.3) 0.0824
Sentinel congenital anomalies 7(2.3) 6(4.0) 0.3233
Hyperbilirubinemia 32(10.6) 24(15.9) 0.1096
Respiratory distress syndrome 5(1.7) 10(6.6) 0.0055