Methods
The protective effects and underlying mechanism of empagliflozin in OA were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cell viability, catabolic markers, inflammatory mediators, cellular senescence level, cartilage degeneration were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, safranine O staining, ELISA, real-time PCR, western blot, β-galactosidase Staining, and histological analysis.