Figure legends
Figure 1. Effects of empagliflozin and IL-1β on cell viability and
chondrocyte phenotype maintenance of mouse chondrocytes. (A) CCK-8
analysis, *p<0.05 versus the IL-1β group. (C) Gross view of
safranine O stained mouse chondrocytes that treated with empagliflozin
at various concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM) with or without IL-1β (10
ng/ml) for 24 h.
Figure 2. Effects of empagliflozin on IL-1β-induced ECM degradation in
mouse chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were pretreated with empagliflozin at
various concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM) for 2 h and then incubated with
IL-1β (10 ng/ml) for 24 h. (A) ELISA analysis of MMP9 and MMP13 in
treated cells. (B) The mRNA expression levels of MMP9 and MMP13 in
treated cells. (C) The protein expression levels of MMP9 and MMP13 in
treated cells. *p<0.05 versus control group,
#p<0.05 versus model group.
Figure 3. Effects of empagliflozin on IL-1β-induced inflammation in
mouse chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were pretreated with empagliflozin at
various concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM) for 2 h and then incubated with
IL-1β (10 ng/ml) for 24 h. (A) Nitrite production, PGE2 secretion, and
IL-6 secretion in treated cells. (B) The mRNA expression levels of COX2
and INOS in treated cells. (C) The protein expression levels of COX2 and
INOS in treated cells. GAPDH as an internal control. *p<0.05
versus control group, #p<0.05 versus model group.
Figure 4. Effects of empagliflozin on IL-1β-induced senescence in mouse
chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were pretreated with empagliflozin at various
concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM) for 2 h and then incubated with IL-1β
(10 ng/ml) for 24 h. (A) The protein expression levels of P21 and P53 in
treated cells. GAPDH as an internal control. (B) β-galactosidase
staining results of treated cells. *p<0.05 versus control
group, #p<0.05 versus model group. Bar = 50 μm
Figure 5. Effects of empagliflozin on the IL-1β-induced NF-κB pathway
activation in mouse chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were pretreated with
empagliflozin at various concentrations (0, 1, and 5 μM) for 2 h and
then incubated with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) for 15 min. The protein expression
levels of P-P65, P65, p-IκB, and IκB in treated cells. The ratio of
p-P65 to P65 as well as the radio of p-IκB to IκB was calculated. GAPDH
as an internal control. *p<0.05 versus control group,
#p<0.05 versus model group.
Figure 6. Effects of empagliflozin on cartilage degeneration in mouse OA
model. (A) Microscopic images of safranin O stained mouse knee joint
sections. Bar = 500 μm. (B) The OARSI grades. *p<0.05 versus
control group, #p<0.05 versus model group.