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\begin{document}

\title{Koulium Genus nov. and Koulium psammogetifolium Sp. nov. (Apiaceae;
Pimpinelleae) from Jammu, India}



\author[1]{B. L. Bhellum}%
\author[2]{Rani Magotra}%
\affil[1]{Go}%
\affil[2]{University of Jammu}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 05, 2024}


\begingroup
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
\emph{Koulium}, a newly discovered monotypic genus of the family
Apiaceae from the south-west of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India, is
described and illustrated. It thrives in open areas, wastelands along
rivers, and sandy beds. The new genus is related to \emph{Aphanopleura},
\emph{Psammogeton}, and \emph{Pimpinella} but differs from them in that
it has a thick, deep yellow root, fruits with intermixed hairs that are
simple and T-shaped, petals sparsely pubescent on the outside, small
vittae that are one under each furrow, ridges obscure, and fruits that
have a subpentagonal cross section, oblong or elliptic, broader above,
gradually narrow below. A diagnostic key, photos, illustrations, a
distribution map, comparative characteristics (Table 1), and its closely
related genera are provided.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Introduction}

Approximately 466 genera and 3820 species comprise up the Apiaceae,
which are widely spread in temperate Eurasia and North America (Plunkett
et al. 2018). According to Mukherjee and Constance (1993), there are 240
species and 68 genera in the genus in India. India is home to seven
endemic genera of the family Apiaceae, including \emph{Karnataka} P. K.
Mukh. \& Constance , Kedarnatha P. K. Mukh. \&
Constance,\emph{Polyzygygus} Dalzell, \emph{Sivadasania} Mohanan \&
Pimenov,\emph{Vanasushava} P. K. Mukh. \& Constance, \emph{Shrirangia}
Gosavi, Madhav \& Chandore and \emph{Pinda} P. K. Mukh. \& Constance.
Fruit and petal hairiness are unique characteristics worthy of special
mention. These morphological characters are unknown to any other genus
in combination.

One of the authors (BLB) gathered a few intriguing Apiaceae specimens
while doing a floristic study of Jammu and Kashmir. These specimens
resembled \emph{Psammogeton} species in appearance. These specimens were
discovered to be distinct from their sister taxa,
namely\emph{Psammogeton} , \emph{Aphanopleura} , and \emph{Pimpinella} ,
after rigorous examination in the Government College for Women's Life
Sciences Research Lab in Parade Ground, Jammu. However, the unidentified
genus had some similarities to other genera such as \emph{Pimpinella}
,\emph{Psammogeton,} and \emph{Aphanopleura} of the tribe Pimpinelleae
of Apiaceae. Based on the characteristics of fruit form, indumentum and
its variants, carpophore, stigmas, fruits straw coloured, sparsely
hairy, shining fruit, and sparsely hairy petals. The shape of fruit
elliptic, oblong, and oblanceolate, with the ridges being obscure.
Additionally, considering some more overall points of difference (Table
1), it is proven that we had discovered a new genus.

Perusal of floristic literature Boissier (1872), Drude (1898), Clarke
(1879), Kitamura (1960), Heywood and Dakshini (1971), Babu (1977),
Sharma and Kachroo (1981), Mukherjee and Constance (1983, 1986, 1993),
Rechinger (1987), Pimenov and Leonov (1993, 2004), Katz-Downie et al.
(1999), Ohba (1999), Downie et al. (2000, 2010), Zakharova et al.
(2012), Yesil et al. (2018), Pimenov et al. (2019), Mousavi et al.
(2022), Gosavi et al. (2020, 2022) reveal each made finding regarding
the genera and species of this family that differed from what was
previously known.

\textbf{Material and Methods}

One of the authors discovered some intriguing specimens in Jammu and
Kashmir in 2022 while conducting a field study that were remarkably
similar to \emph{Psammogeton} . These specimens were discovered to be
very distinct from \emph{Psammogeton} species after thorough analysis in
the Life Science Research Lab of the Government College for Women,
Parade Ground. The specimens were mounted on the herbarium sheets using
the accepted technique (Jain and Rao 1977). The pictures were produced
with the help of a binocular stereoscope. Parts of the specimens,
particularly the blooms, were cooked in warm water for a minute to
enable stereoscopic observations. All measurements are from herbarium
and live specimens. According to descriptions in the taxonomic
literature (Boissier 1872, Clarke 1879, Hiroe and Constance 1958,
Kitamura 1960, Nasir 1972, Babu 1977, Sharma and Kachroo 1981, Hedge et
al. 1987, Assadi et al. 2008, Ghazanfar and Edmondson 2013, Pimenov et
al. 2019) and comparison with the herbarium specimens in POWO 2023 and
different herbaria including K, RRLH, and E, following Thiers (2015)
revealed that specimens indeed represent new taxa both genus as species.
The terminology is used following (Kljuykov et al. 2004, Hickey and
King, 2007 ).

\textbf{Taxonomy}

\emph{Koulium} \textbf{Gen. nov.}

\textbf{Type species:} \emph{Koulium psammogetifolium sp. nov.}

\textbf{Description of the genus}

Annual, glabrous or pubescent, small herbs. Leaves usually 1-pinnate,
pinnae toothed or lobed. Inflorescence terminal or axillary leaf-opposed
umbels. Peduncles glabrous or pubescent. Rays 3-10, glabrous or
pubescent. Bracts 3-5, margins scarious, ciliate; bracteoles 5-6,
papery, margins ciliate. Flowers white or pale purple. Calyx-teeth
reduced, adnate to ovary wall. Corolla with 5 petals, obovate or
obcordate, emerginate with long pointed tip. Stamens 5, filaments long,
anthers bithecous, hairy at base. Fruits oblong, oblanceolate, pubescent
or glabrescent, ridges obscure, unwinged furrows, vittae usually one
carpophore, bifid, mericarps dorsally compressed, hairs simple
intermixed with a few T-shaped.

\textbf{Etymology}

The generic name honours Prof. A. K. Koul, FNASC an eminent Indian
botanist for his contribution in taxonomy, cytotaxonomy and biodiversity
conservation.

\textbf{Table 1. Morphological comparison between the
genus\emph{Koulium} and its closely allied \emph{Psammogeton}
and\emph{Aphanopleura}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
Chracter & \emph{Koulium} & \emph{Psammogeton} & \emph{Aphanopleura} &
\emph{Pimpinella}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
Habit & Annual & Annual & Annual & Biennial /perennial\tabularnewline
Root & Thick, deep yellow & Thick, white to pale & Thin, white to pale &
Thick, white to yellow\tabularnewline
Bracts (number) & bracts 3-5 & Bracts 5-8 & Bracts 2-5 & Bracts
0-7\tabularnewline
Bracteoles (number) & bracteoles 5-6 & Bracteoles 6-6 & Bracteoles 5-6 &
Bracteoles 0-5\tabularnewline
Petiole base & Narrowly sheathy & Conspicuously sheathy & Narrowly
sheathy & Minutely sheathy\tabularnewline
Rays (number) & Rays 3-10 & Rays 2-20 & Rays 5-10 & Rays
4-16\tabularnewline
Petals (indumentum) & margins and outside hairy Glabrous & margins and
outside hairy Glabrous & Glabrous & Glabrous\tabularnewline
Stigma & linear or nearly so & Capitate & Capitate &
Capitate\tabularnewline
Carpophore & Bifid & Bifid & Bifid & Entire bifid or
bipartite\tabularnewline
Fruit (upper portion) & Conspicuously broader & Slightly narrow &
Slightly narrow & Slightly narrow\tabularnewline
Vittae (furrow of fruit) & One & One & One & Two or three\tabularnewline
Fruit ridges & Obscure & Winged or elevated & Rounded or obscure &
Obscure or conspicuous\tabularnewline
Mericarp (outer face) & Dorsally compressed & Dorsally compressed &
Laterally compressed & Laterally compressed\tabularnewline
Fruit hair type & Simple with few T-shaped & T-shaped & T-shaped &
T-shaped\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\textbf{Key to \emph{Koulium} and to its related Asian genera}

1. Calyx-teeth conspicuous
------------------------------------------------------------------

\emph{Cuminum}

-- Calyx-teeth reduced
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2

2. Primary ridges of fruits eight
--------------------------------------------------------------

\emph{Turgenia}

-- Primary ridges of fruits five
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
3

3. Fruits clothed with spiny bristles
------------------------------------------------------------

\emph{Torilis}

-- Fruits clothed with soft pubescence, bristles or T-shaped hairs
------------------------------- 4

5. Plants 1-3 m tall
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6

-- Plants smaller
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8

6. Leaves all radical, unipinnatisect
----------------------------------------------------

\emph{Demavendia}

-- Leaves radical and cauline
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\textbf{7}

7.Plants glabrous, 2-3 m tall
------------------------------------------------------------

\emph{Haussknechtii}

--Plants pubescent 1-2 m tall
-------------------------------------------------------------

\emph{Zeravschania}

8. Plants perennial; fruit furrow with 2-3-vittae
-----------------------------------------

\emph{Pimpinella}

-- Plants annual; fruit furrow usually with 1-vittae
--------------------------------------------- 9.

9. Roots thin; mericarps laterally compressed; fruit hair clavate
------------------ \emph{Aphanopleura}

-- Roots thick; mericarps dorsally compressed; fruit hair straight
------------------------------ 10

10. Petiole conspicuously sheathed, distinctly hairy; petals glabrous;
fruits narrow on both ends, swollen in the middle; fruit hair dense,
T-shaped-----------------------------

\emph{Psammogeton}

-- Petiole narrowly sheathed, sparsely hairy; petals sparsely hairy on
margins and on outside; fruits oblanceolate, narrow below gradually
broader above, hair sparse, simple usually simple hairy, intermixed with
few T-shaped hair --------------------------------------------------

\emph{Koulium}

\textbf{Affanities}

The petals are obcordate and emerginate, the stamens are inflexed in the
bud, and the calyx attaches to the ovary wall. The corpophore is bifid,
the commissure is slightly constricted, and the fruits are laterally or
dorsally compressed, but they differ in size, shape, and indumentum. Due
to the large number of species, \emph{Pimpinella} 's fruits might be
elliptic, oblong, ovoid, cylindrical, or obovoid in form. The forms are
ovoid, oblong, and ovoid-oblong because \emph{Psammogeton}
and\emph{Aphanopleura} have fewer species than other genera.

\emph{Psammogeton} , \emph{Aphanopleura} , and \emph{Pimpinella} are the
closely related genera that exhibit affinities with one another. In
contrast to \emph{Aphanopleura} and \emph{Psammogeton} , which are
annuals and \emph{Pimpinella} L., \emph{Demavendia}
,\emph{Haussknechtii} , \emph{Zeraveschonia} are perennials. The leaves
of\emph{Psammogeton} and \emph{Aphanopleura} species closely resemble to
the genus \emph{Koulia} , and all these three genera are annuals.
Additionally, the new genus is closely related to \emph{Psammogeton} by
virtue of its thick root while as the root is considered as thin
in\emph{Aphanopleura} . The fruits the genus \emph{Koulium}
progressively get narrower below and wider above that share some
characters with the genus \emph{Pimpinella} . The genus \emph{Koulium}
is allied to\emph{Psammogeton} , \emph{Aphanopleura} and
\emph{Pimpinella} but distinguished from them as in Table 1 and key
below. The new genus is annual which is distinct from other genera being
perennial such as\emph{Demavendia} , \emph{Haussknechtii} ,
\emph{Pimpinella} and\emph{Zeraveschonia} . The study we conducted
revealed that\emph{Aphanopleura} and \emph{Psammogeton} both retain 46
\% of genus' similarity with \emph{Koulium} while as \emph{Pimpinella}
shares 30 \%.

\emph{Koulium psammogetifolium} \textbf{sp. nov. (Fig. 1-5)}

\textbf{Type:} India, Jammu and Kashmir, district Jammu, south-west,
Mandal, 32\textsuperscript{*} 6795 N 74\textsuperscript{*} 7460 E, 285 m
a.s.l. 27 Apr 2022, B. L. Bhellum 15784 (holotype -- --)

The specific epithet '\emph{psammogetifolium} ' refers to leaves of the
new species that resemble with \emph{Psammogeton} species.

\textbf{Description of species}

Annual, erect, 3-10 cm tall herbs. Root thick at base gradually narrow
towards apex, slightly angular, deep yellow. stem much branched from the
base, branches hollow, hollow, nodes prominent, glabrous. Radical leaves
numerous, leaf-base sheathy, minutely hairy, 1-2-pinnate, leaf-segments
3-5 mm long, ternately lobbed, sparsely pubscent, drying at anthesis;
cauline leaves similar, smaller, petiole short, narrowly sheathy-base,
sparsely short hairy on margins, usually 1-pinnate, each segment
termately lobed, pubescent. Inflorescence terminal and axillary
leaf-opposed umbels. umbellets --- flowered. Peduncle ribbed, glabrous.
Rays 3-7, unequal, peripheral longer than the inner ones. Involucre of
5, 2.5-3.5 mm long bracts broader in the middle and narrow at tip, long
pointed, margin scarious, ciliate, minutely hairy green midrib.
Involucel of 2-2.4 mm long, obovate, oblong, transprarent, membranous
bractlets, pubescent along midrib, distinctly ciliate along margins.
Flower pedicellate, pedicel 2.0-3.1 mm long, bisexual, 2.7-3.2 mm long,
white tinged pale purple. Calyx-teeth reduced. Corolla polypetalous,
petals 5, obovate to obcordate, emerginate, sparsely hairy on margins
and outside, outer petal slightly rotate, 2.7-3.2 mm long, white tinged
pale purple, inflexed, tip long pointed. Stamens 5, free, filament 3-4
mm long, alternipetalous, inflexed in bud, slightly longer than petals;
anthers bithecous, adnate, yellow, hairy near the base, dehiscence
longitudinal; pollen grains subrectangular, rugulate at the equatorial
region, exine thicker at the equatorial zone. Ovary bicarpellary
syncarpous, inferior, bilocular, sparsely hairy; styles two, 1-1.4 mm
long, persistent; stigmas two, slightly swollen, not capitate.
stylopodium swollen at base, progressively become thin upwards, crowning
the ovary, persistent. Fruit a schizocarp, 2-3 mm long, 0.5-1.2 mm wide,
elliptic oblong, narrow at base, gradually turning wide above,
persistent, mericarps two, dorsally compressed, primary and secondary
ribes obscure, sparely hairy with simple hair and a few intermixed with
T-shaped hair with conspicous thick base, green, turning straw-coloured,
shining.

\textbf{Phenology}

Flowering and fruiting period from March to May

\textbf{Habitat, distribution and ecology}

A species grows on an admixture of sandy and clayey soil. The species is
found in association with \emph{Argyrolobium roseum} (Camb.) Jaub. \&
Spach., \emph{Alternanthera pungens} H. B. \& K. \emph{Artemisia
capillaris} Thunb., \emph{Calotis hispidula} F. Muell., \emph{Cyperus
rotundus} L., \emph{Evolvulus alsinoides} (L.) L., \emph{Heterolobium
strigosum} Willd., \emph{Indigofera linnaei} Ali, \emph{I.
linifolia}Retz., I \emph{Laggera aurita} Sch.-Bip., \emph{Mazus
delavayi} Bonati,\emph{Mecardonia procumbens} Small, \emph{Spermacoce
ramnii} Sivarajan \& Nair, \emph{Synedrella vialis} , \emph{Tilia
pharnaceoides} Hochst. ex Brit., \emph{Verbascum thapsus} L.,
\emph{Verbesina encelioides} Benth.

\textbf{Conservation status}

\emph{Koulium psammogetifolium} occurs on sandy places and somewhat
disturbed habitat along the river bank. The species is known from the
type locality Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. According to IUCN (2022)
guidelines, the recommended IUCN status is data deficient (DD).

\textbf{Discussion and Conclusion}

Due to the presence of a yellow tap root, sheathed leaf base, calyx
reduced, petals sparsely pubescent, anthers hairy at base, stigmas
linear, fruits intermixed with simple and T-shaped hair, the new taxon
is classified as belonging to the genus Koulium section Pimpinelleae of
the Apiaceae family. Membranous, scabrous, and with ciliate edges,
bracts and bracteoles. Stipules are missing, and the bases of the
petioles are narrowly sheathed. Reduced and joined to the ovary wall are
the calyx. White or pinkish-purple petals. The form seems obcordate and
emergent. The fruits are compressed dorsally. Furrows in the percarp
typically include vittae. Fruits have hairy primary and secondary ridges
are obscure. Carpels have a subpentagonal cross section, bifid
carpophores, and modestly constrained commissures. On the simple,
T-shaped fruits of this species, which also have wider bases, we
discover hair admixture. The fruit hairs of \emph{Aphanopleura}
and\emph{Psammogeton} have a T shape. The shape of the fruit being
oblong-cylendric becoming gradually narrow towards base which are to
some extent similar to \emph{Pimpinella} species, however, it differs
from them in sparsely hairy petals on outside and on margins and annual
in habit.

\emph{Additional speciemens examined} \textbf{(Paratype)}

India, Jammu and Kashmir, District Jammu, Mandal,
32\textsuperscript{*}6795 N 74\textsuperscript{*} 7460 E, 285 m a. s. l.
27 Apr 2022, B. L. Bhellum 15786 (-----).

\emph{Acknowledgements}

\textbf{Conflict of interest statement}

The authors declare no any potential source of conflict of interest.

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https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.42.42201\selectlanguage{english}
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