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\begin{document}

\title{A new distributional record of \emph{}Psammogeton canescens\emph{}
subsp. \emph{cabulicus} (Apiaceae) for Indian Flora}



\author[1]{B. L. Bhellum}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 06, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
\emph{Psammogeton canescens} subsp. \emph{cabulicus} Wagenitz
(Apiaceae), a new distributional record for the Flora of India is
investigated in this work from Jammu district Jammu and Kashmir. Some
intriguing plants were collected from the district Jammu between 2010
and 2018 as part of a field survey in the south-west regions, district
Jammu of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The taxa differing from others
subspecies of the species by having lateral branches far exceeding the
main axis, bracts \selectlanguage{ngerman}±2 mm long, bracteoles ±1.3 mm long, fruit 1.4 to 2.0
mm long. For ease in identification, a brief description, a key to
subspecies of Psammogeton canescens and photographs of the plant and its
parts are provided.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Introduction}

\emph{Psammogeton} Edgew. is a small genus with 14 species that are
primarily found in Asia (Mousavi et al. 2022 ). There are currently only
six species known to exist in India (Bhellum and Magotra 2023) and four
of those are from Jammu and Kashmir. As part of the plant collections in
the flora of Jammu and Kashmir, several intriguing sample specimens were
collected during the plant exploration from the Jammu area of Jammu and
Kashmir between 2010 and 2018.

This taxa has never been documented from India, according to a review of
relevant taxonomic literature (Babu 1977, Ahmed and Koul 1980, Sharma
and Kachroo 1981, Swami and Gupta 1998, Dhar and Kachroo 1983). After
carefully examining the samples, it was eventually determined in the lab
that these were new records for the flora for India. According to a
review of the Indian floristic literature, the plant has not yet been
recorded to the Flora of India and is thus \emph{Psammogeton
canescens}subsp. \emph{cabulica} listed as a new taxa. The subspecies of
the genus are recognised by sparsely to densely pubescent herb, T-shaped
hairs on fruits, bracts ranging from four to seven and presence of
trichomes; bracteoles five to seven, margin ciliate; peripheral branches
longer than the central main axis. For ease of identification, a brief
description of the subspecies, blooming and fruiting dates,
distribution, photographs, photo plates, and a key to its closely
related subspecies are provided. The taxonomic accounts of the
subspecies under investigation. are also included.

\textbf{Material and Methods}

The samples were collected in the district of Jammu's southwest. These
samples were brought to the lab so that a stereoscope could be used to
examine them. Standard techniques were utilised to prepare the specimens
as herbarium specimens once they were gathered from their natural
surroundings (Jain and Rao 1977). Using portable equipment to detect
plants in the field has several beneficial applications. Together with a
map showing the location of the specimen collection, images of the
plants and their components are included. The samples were compared to
existing literature and an investigation of the herbaria K, BM, RRLH and
W collections. The language used to describe morphological
characteristics was as follows: (Williomson et al. 2016). The fresh
material was used to measure the different plants parts.

\textbf{Taxonomy}

\emph{Psammogeton canescens} subsp. \emph{cabulica} Wagenitz, Ber.
Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 69: 233. 1956; \emph{Psammogeton cabulicus~}
(Wagenitz) Nasir in Hassler, Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants
of the World. In O. B\selectlanguage{ngerman}ánki, Y. Roskov, M. Döring, G. Ower, L. Vandepitte,
D. Hobern, D. Remsen, P. Schalk, R. E. DeWalt, M. Keping, J. Miller, T.
Orrell, R. Aalbu, J. Abbott, R. Adlard, E. M. Adriaenssens, C. Aedo, E.
Aescht, N. Akkari, et al., Catalogue of Life Checklist (14.3, Nov
2022).~-- https://doi.org/10.48580/dfqt-3dd.

(Fig. 1, 2)

\textbf{Specimens examined:} India, Jammu and Kashmir, Mandal, district
Jammu, 32\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{*} 666718 N 74\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{*} 7461 E, 285
m a. s. l. 10 Apr. 2018, Bhellum 15881--RRLH.

\textbf{Description}

A small annual 3- 20 cm tall, sparely to densely pubescent herb. Stem
branched striate, pubescent, the lateral branches overtopping the main
axis. Radical leaves long petioled, withering early, base with hyaline
ciliate margins; cauline leaves shortly petiolate, 1- or 2- ternate,
pinnatisect, segments oblong to oval, cuneate, base papery with ciliate
hairy on margins, margins toothed, apex mucronate, softly pubescent.
Umbels leaf-opposed or terminal. Peduncle elongate, striate, 5-8 cm long
covered with spreading hairs. Rays 8-12, striate, softly hairy.
Involucure of 5-6 nearly straight acuminate bracts, +- 2 x 0.2-- 0.5 mm,
margins scarious, hairy; Involucel of 5-6 spreading, abruptly pointed to
acuminate bractlets, +- 1.4 x 0.5-- 0.8 mm, margins scarious, midrib
green, hairy. Flowers pedicellate, white with purple tinge. Calyx,
adnate to ovary reduced. Corolla polypetalous with 5 subequal petals,
white tinged purple, marigns slightly irregular, emerginate with pointed
beak. Androecium with 5 free stamens, alternipetalous, anthers bithecous
inflexed in bud, filament become arc shaped at maturity. Pollens
rectangular or subrectagular with rugulate equatorial region. Ovary
bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior, bilocular, hairy, styles +- 1 mm
long, dark purple, smooth, shining, stigmas somewhat capitate. Fruits
ovoid or oblong, 1.4- 2. 0 x 0.8-- 1.1 mm long schizocarp, hairy, hairs
1.1--2.4 mm long, terminally T-shaped with glochidiate base, primary
ridges more prominent than secondary, slightly winged.

\textbf{Key to subspecies of \emph{Psammogeton canescens} (DC ex Boiss.)
Vatke}

1. Main axis elongate, lateral branches shorter than the main axis
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\emph{P.
canescens} subsp. \emph{canescens}

-- Main axis and lateral branches arising from the base of axis
---------------------- 2

2. Branches slightly shorter, never overtopping the main axis; peduncle
up to 3 cm long --------------------------\emph{P. canescens} subsp.
\emph{buschirensis}

-- Branches always overtopping the main axis; peduncle up to 8 cm long
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\emph{P.
canescens} subsp. \emph{cabulicus}

\textbf{Phenology}

The flowering and fruiting Period March to end of April in low lands of
Jammu.

\textbf{Habitat and ecological note}

The plant of this species grow on sandy situations and bank of
transitory river in association with \emph{Aristida cyanantha} Nees ex
Steud., \emph{Artemisia nilagirica} Pamp., \emph{A. scoparia} Waldst. \&
Kit., \emph{Boerhavia diffusa} L., \emph{Calotropis procera} R.
Br.,\emph{Centipeda minima} A. Br. \& Asch., \emph{Crotalaria
prostrata}Rottl., \emph{Cyperus niveus} Retz, \emph{Eurphorbia hirta}
L., \emph{E. prostrata} Ait., \emph{Evolvulus alsinoides} (L.) L.,
\emph{Heliotropium strigosum} Willd., \emph{Indigofera cordifolia} Heyne
ex Roth, \emph{I.linnaei} Ali, \emph{Lindenbergia indica} Vatke,
\emph{Medicago polymorpha} L., \emph{Soliva anthemoides} R. Br.,
\emph{Tephrosia purpurea} Pers., \emph{Themeda triandra} Forssk.,
\emph{Zornia gibbosa}Span.

\textbf{Discussion}

The degree of variation in morphology, the structure of the trichomes
and fruits, and the kinds of hair are important characteristics in the
taxonomy of angiosperms. Drude (1898), Heywood and Dakshni (1971), Nasir
(1972), Arora (1976) and Pimenov et al. (2019) have all investigated
these characteristics, including the stylopodium, the number of
sectretory ducts in the mericarps, and the main and secondary valleculae
vittae. Micromorphological research has revealed that
\emph{Psammogeton}species differ noticeably from one another. When
Rechinger awarded the designation of holotype to the specimens kept in
the herbarium W, he established that Wagenitz's identification of
\emph{Psammogeton canescens} (DC.) Vatke subsp. \emph{cabulicus}
Wagenitz was accurate (1982). The type specimens were gathered in
Bagrami, which is close to Kabul. In 1980, Nasir changed the name of
this subspecies to\emph{Psammogeton cabulicus} (Wagenitz) Nasir, giving
it the status of a species. In my opinion, \emph{Psammogeton cabulicus}
described by Nasir is strikingly dissimilar from the \emph{Psammogeton
canescens} subsp.\emph{cabulicus} Wagenitz described earlier. There is
either error in keeping \emph{P. canescens} subsp. \emph{cabulicus} as
synonym under\emph{P.} \emph{cabulicus} (Wagenitz) Nasir as confirmed
through the specimens undertaken to study by authors. Perhaps this is
the main reason that these taxa remained unresolved so long without
knowing the current status of these taxa and data available related to
these taxa being insufficient. The identity of the species \emph{P.
cabulicus}(Wagenitz) is in fact different, therefore combination as
given by Nasir misidentified, therefore unacceptable. Furthermore, the
illustration of these two taxa are so different from each other that
these cannot be treated as same. The authors urge that holotype of
\emph{P. canescens}subsp. \emph{cabulicus} should not be placed under
synonym under\emph{P. cabulicus} (Wagenitz) Nasir since \emph{P.
canescens} subsp.\emph{cabulicus} is quite distinct supported by
taxonomic characters.

\textbf{References}

Ahmed, I. and Koul, A. K. 1980. In I. O. P. B. chromosome number
reports, LXVIII. -- Taxon: 543.

Babu, C. R. 1977. \emph{Herbaceous Flora of Dehra Dun} . -- Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 339.

Bhellum, B. L. and Magotra, R. 2023. \emph{Psammogeton
shivalikense}Bhellum \& Magotra (Apiaceae) restricted to Shivalik hills
of Jammu and Kashmir (North-West India). -- Nord. J. Bot. 2023 (1). doi:
10.1111/njb.03813.

Dhar, U. and Kachroo, P. 1983. Alpine flora of Kashmir Himalaya. --
Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India.

Drude, O. 1898. Umbelliferae. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die
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Hassler, M. 2022. Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the
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Heywood, V. H. and Dakshini, K. M. M. 1971. Fruit structure in the
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Mousavi, S. S. et al. 2022. Systematics of Iranian
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Nasir, E. 1972. Umbelliferae. In: Nasir, E. and Ali, S. I. (ed.) Flora
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Rau, M. A. 1975. High altitude flowering Plants West Himalaya. -- BSI.
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Williamson, J., Beentje, H. J. and Beentje, H. 2016. Kew Plant Glossary,
the. -- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.\selectlanguage{english}
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