Hyperglycemia boost pro-inflammatory cytokine production in DC
An increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-1\(\beta\) was observed for the inactivated and activated BMDC and human monocyte differentiated DC in presence of high glucose concentrations (Figure 5). Activation of the cells by AGE and LPS significantly upregulated both inflammatory cytokines (Figure 5. A, B, D, E). On the other hand, anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, showed a similar trending but no significant elevation was observed upon activation in BMDC, while it was significantly up in human monocyte differentiated DC (Figure 5. C, F). Stimulation of human monocyte differentiated DC with AGE alone demonstrated limited impact, while the stimulation with LPS alone induced potent upregulation of TNF-\(\alpha\). TNF-\(\alpha\) levels under these separate stimulation also increased with increasing glucose concentrations, and AGE and LPS together showed an additive effect on TNF-\(\alpha\) secretions with glucose (Supplementary Figure 1).