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\begin{document}

\title{The Causes of Chinese Employees' Complaints in the Workplace: Scale
Development and Validation}



\author[1]{Shaofeng Yuan}%
\author[2]{Ying Gao}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{Liaoning University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
For Study 1, both online and offline data collections were used in this
study. For the online part of the study, after designing the
questionnaire on the Quatrics platform, links were delivered to workers
in various industries. Of the 193 individuals who began the online
survey, 177 finished it. For the offline part of the study, 125 printed
questionnaires were distributed to MBA students of a leading university
in Northeastern China; 65 of them were distributed in Marketing classes,
and the other 60 were distributed in Strategic Management classes. In
total, 111 valid responses were returned.

For Study 2, A survey comprising the six-dimensional measures of the
causes of complaints was conducted among companies in a province of
Northeastern China. Ten MBA students from one of the leading
universities in Northeastern China were selected to help with the data
collection. The selection criteria of these MBA students were: (a) being
willing to help us collect the questionnaires, (b) working for a company
but not a non-profit organization, and (c) holding a management position
in their company. They were first trained for the purposes of the survey
and in questionnaire administration techniques, such as not letting the
participants know the purposes of the study and allowing them to
complete the questionnaire individually and without interference. Then,
40 printed questionnaires were assigned to each MBA student, and they
were asked to return the questionnaires in three days. Four hundred
questionnaires were distributed, and we received a total of 362 valid
responses, with a valid response rate of 90.5\%.%
\end{abstract}%



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