Procedure
The survey was conducted online. Participants firstly reported their
demographic information. The questions asked their gender, age, marital
status, children, annual household income, annual individual income,
living area (prefecture), and occupation. Next, the participants were
asked to recall their life before the pandemic and write down at least
five (up to ten) activities they frequently performed. Once this was
done, they were asked to do the same about their current life. The true
purpose of the survey (comparing behaviors before and after the
outbreak) was concealed from the participants. This is because knowing
the true purpose may limit their responses to pandemic-related
behaviors. They were informed that the purpose of this study was to
identify frequently performed behaviors in a society. The survey was
produced in an online format, and the survey company distributed it to
the participants.