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\begin{document}

\title{PERCEPTION ABOUT SELF DEFENSE AND WOMEN TRAINING FOR SELF PROTECTION}



\author[1]{Faiza Parveen}%
\author[2]{ADEELA REHMAN}%
\author[2]{Dr. Naimatullah Hashmi}%
\author[2]{Uzma Arshad Mughal}%
\affil[1]{Muslim Law College, RAWALPINDI}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 23, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
This paper was made from my master thesis entitled ``Perception about
self-defense and women self-defense training''. The study was conducted
in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The main objective of the research was a
comparison of the strategies which self-defense trained and untrained
girls used to attempt for their self-protection in order to reduce the
risk of violence. The study finds out the effectiveness of self-defense
training towards women's self-protection. Non random sampling technique
was used to select the sample. The study used statistical techniques of
analysis. The study constitute 120 respondents falling in the age range-
range 18-30 years.

The findings support the hypothesis that women who take self-defense
training are better equipped with physical and mental skills which
allows her to defend herself from assailant than a woman who did not
have training. Self-defense training, increased confidence,
self-efficiency in women and reduce the chances of victimization.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{PERCEPTION ABOUT SELF DEFENSE AND WOMEN TRAINING FOR SELF
PROTECTION}

\textbf{Faiza Perveen} 11Department of Gender Studies, Fatima Jinnah
Women University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
faizamumraiz26@gmail.com\textbf{,}Dr. Adeela Rehman22Department of
Gender Studies, Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
dradeelarehman@gmail.com\textbf{} \textbf{,} Dr. Naimatullah
Hashmi33Department of Sociology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Pakistan drhashmi@uaar.edu.pk\textbf{,} Uzma Arshad
Mughal44Department of Economics, PMAS Arid Agriculture University
Rawalpindi, Pakistan Uzma\_arshad17@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:

\emph{Protecting oneself from potential assault by using defensive
strategies is called self-protection. Self-defense training teaches
women effective physical and verbal skills to cope with the assault
situation. The study was conducted in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The main
objective of the research was a comparison of the strategies which
self-defense trained and untrained girls used to attempt for their
self-protection in order to reduce the risk of violence. The study finds
out the effectiveness of self-defense training towards women's
self-protection. Non random sampling technique was used to select the
sample. The study used statistical techniques of analysis. The study
constitute 120 respondents falling in the age range- range 18-30 years.
The findings support the hypothesis that women who take self-defense
training are better equipped with physical and mental skills which
allows her to defend herself from assailant than a woman who did not
have training. Self-defense training, increased confidence,
self-efficiency in women and reduce the chances of victimization.}

Key words: Self Defense; sexual violence prevention; Violence against
women; women empowerment; resistance

\textbf{INTRODUCTION}

Every woman around the globe has self-defense and personal protection
concern because of violence against women, both corporeal and intimate
which is an institutional setback that remains embedded in our society
which needs attention at both personal and community level (Weitlauf. et
al., 2000). Now women are deliberately refusing to the mistreatment and
aggression from their families, husband, boyfriends, strangers
(Schneider and Jordan, 1978). For these motives, women learn diverse
assault avoidance programs such as carrying weapons, executing crime
prevention strategies and self-defense skills.

Women experience more of violence than those of men. Hollander (2010)
observed in her study that 75\% students had experienced about an
intimate victimization, violence, and an oppression while ten percent
confide any prior physical victimization due to their enrollment in
self-defense classes. Brecklin (2004) stated that women are more likely
to involve in self-protection strategies due to their experiences of the
different form of violence and oppression in both childhood and adult
intimate, physical and emotional violence and tyranny. Violence residues
different psychological and physical effects on women's lives. In order
to avoid being victimized, women should learn to limit their mobility
and depend upon their men, burglar alarms, chemical sprays, guard dogs
as well as other external agents for self-shield.

In addition, other challenges are providing trainings to avoid danger
and encourage change spectator interference or social norms (Hollander,
2014). The main target of self-defense training programs is to educate
women on how to resist efficiently if confront with a latent assault.
However, it does not impart girls how to fight but inculcate them how to
defend themselves when needed.

Self-defense training offers women an entrance to a new set of combative
responses in assorted assault states. It trains women both physically
and spiritually for potential attacks (Follansbee, 1982 as cited in
Brecklin \& Ullman, 2005) by providing them with opportunities to learn
social and cognitive skills through the use of role-plays, conversation
and simulation of exercises (Peretz, 1991; Thompson, 1991 as cited in
Brecklin \& Ullman, 2005 and Cummings, 1992). Self-defense training is
very significant for women because it pact with three main issues of
women survival, for example the fear of sexual assault and violence, the
gender, and the selfhood (Hollander, 2004). It holds various levels
start from white belt to black belt. Numerous girls participate in
self-defense training classes and may learn distinct techniques such as
how to cope with assault circumstances, break free of the fingers of an
assailant, dent the breathing capacity of an assailant, displacing the
shoulder or elbow of an assailant, free oneself when grabbed at the rear
and getting strangled or free oneself when tackled to the ground
(Weitlauf, et al., 2000).

Women are often idealized as susceptible, submissive and subject to male
vicious behavior and violence (McCaughey, 1998). Women have overlooked
the opportunities of taking physical training and participating in
athletes due to their stereotypical roles. They also have been
dispirited from learning self-protection strategies because it may not
suitable for their feminine roles (Schneider \& Jordan, 1978). In
Pakistan mostly, girls feel communal pressure to defend them due to
family's reverence. Due to conventional societal beliefs about women and
men's roles, habitually they are reinforced by families to avoid
physical resistance because it can be harmful for being aggressive. In
the study of Hollander (2009) perception about women self-defense
training is that male thinks that after getting self-defense training
(SDT) they become overconfident and they always set to fight with men
and the result would be imperiled for women. The idea behind that, women
are not intelligent, smart enough and even do not think prudently. Some
women assume that self-defense training increases the chances of victim
blame, for example, women had self-defense training, but if they fail to
protect herself then everyone blame her for assault. At the same time,
there are many winning stories of female resistance. In the study of
(Cermele, 2004) some girl's perception about fighting back is that they
can't fight back against men because it just made condition more
horrible and they can only defend themselves when they have weapons. The
alarm of being victimize also keep women at home and they don't walk
alone in street at night. In the study of (Harris and Miller 2000 as
cited in Williams \& Hebl, 2005) asked from participants to put forward
proper strategies for men and women who have a fear of becoming assault
victims. Then outcome showed that most physical strategies comprise
physical fighting and taking up body building were suggested for men,
whereas more submissive strategies included carrying a paper spray,
cellular phone, being escorted and screaming were recommended to women.
In order to reduce rape victims, woman should avoid going alone on the
outside, wearing the dress in a proactive manner and franking with
strangers or male employees at workplace as well as learning defensive
techniques. Rozee \& Koss (2001) state that even though some parts of
rapes are inescapable we bicker that women could resists against
possible rapists if they take training on overcoming psychological
barriers to resistance, diagnosing as early as possible they are facing
impending rape and giving an expected ladder through which to progress
from verbal to physical resistance.

Violence against women is a very serious problem in almost all cities of
Pakistan. Pakistani women had become a victim of domestic and street
violence, murder, acid throwing, intimate partner violence, abduction,
honor killing, rape, sexual harassment, verbal violence, Karokari and
other sexual abuse. Nowadays media shows horrible stories of crime
against women like rape, acid burning for the sake of dowry and murder
in the name of so called honor. Despite being a religious country, many
women, young and small girls were victims of rape in Pakistan. As
commonly, the majority of rapes are perpetrated by men whom women know
and men suppose that women will be acquiescent and don't be able to
hassle back. As stated by Aurat Foundation in 2012, maximum cases of
sexual assaults were reported in Rawalpindi, Sukkur, Karachi, Khairpur,
Tando Allah Yar, Badin, Nawab Shah, Kashmore, Sanghar and Dadu. At the
same time it is somber to note that people arduously report for the
sexual assaults in Baluchistan, KPK, FATA and ICT regions (Annual
Report, 2012). Physical violence upon women is more likely to befall in
the private sphere. Women are becoming sufferer due to their intimate
partner violence. Thus, women had a great scare of sexual abuse,
physical violence and they need protection. For the empowerment of
women, many violence prevention programs were developed such as
self-defense training. It empowers women to effectively resist assault
and not confining their mobility (McCaughey, 1997; Ozer \& Bandura,
1990; Rozee \& Koss, 2001 as cited in Hollander, 2014).

Although women had made progress in almost all regions of life, but they
are still at a vulnerable spot at public places. At public places women
are not sure about when and which activity of man creates hindrance and
harm to them. In order to demote the chances of their victimization they
used different strategies to conquer the violence included wearing a
wedding ring though unwed (Gardner, C. 1990 ), in taxi made a fake call
to someone and tell them about their arrival and information about taxi,
wearing a casual dress that doesn't entice others, walking close to a
group of people, sitting in a car with male employee minimize their
dread, wearing a flat shoes aid them, escaping when needed, carrying a
weapon ( Gun, knife, lights, Distractions, personal alarms, handbag).
Sometime women use disparate techniques in order to decrease risk like
when they are strolling alone and carry a home key in their hands and
act in such a way that their house is near to them; they started feeling
secure by standing near a convenient police officer or near a group of
other women are walking along with their male partner and other family
members (Gardner, 1990). Clay-Warner (2002) evaluates the situational
effectiveness of protective strategies used by women during attempted
and completed rape. She also says that women are victorious in
protecting themselves when aggressor is a foreigner rather than someone
who knows them included acquaintance, family member and friend. She also
points out that the use of physical force is amid the vital strategies
for escaping a possible rape. Self-defense training imparts students
various physical and verbal skills that not only help them to
effectively defend themselves but also able to assist others. Mostly
women choose to employ self-proactive acts when an encounter to sexual
abuse by running away, screaming, physically fighting, etc. with the
assailants (Brecklin \& Ullman, 2001; Siegel, Sorenson, Golding, Burnam,
\& Stein, 1989 as cited in Clay --Warner 2003).

Now there are different self-defense programs in all over Pakistani
cities. The approach is personal safety and risk reduction. For example,
self-defense for Women in Karachi, Self Defense, Shotokan Karate,
Kobudo, \& Fitness Instructor training for Females in Rawalpindi. There
is need for change; otherwise Pakistani society will push itself with
back to dark ages. Men and women should be equal donors of social
change. The research will help to evaluate how self-defense can help
women. In this study comparison have been made between the perception of
both self defense trained and untrained girls towards their self
protection. And the strategies of both self defense trained and
untrained girls towards their self protection have been evaluated.

\textbf{METHODOLOGY}

The study was conducted in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The Purposive
Sampling Technique was used to select sample size. The sample of 120
women was selected to reach the objectives of the study. The sample
includes both trained and untrained women. Data were collected through
questionnaires. The schooling levels of respondents were matriculation
to M. Phil level. The data on self-defense trained girls were collected
from Shotokan karate international school, Army sports club, GHQ, and
the data of untrained women was collected from Fatima Jinnah Women
University. The Age range of participants was from 18 to 28. All
self-defense trained students having minimum orange belt training and
above were selected below this belt were excluded. All respondents were
educated therefore; researcher used English and Urdu language for
communication. Participants were requested not to omit any questions in
the questionnaire. The independent t - test is used to compare the
perceptions of self defense trained and untrained women towards their
self protection. Along with the t-test, descriptive analysis is used to
evaluate the strategies of both self defense trained and untrained women
towards their self-protection.

\textbf{ETHICAL CONSIDERATION:}

The study was conducted after taking the appointment from the head of
the organizations of selected sample. The researcher provided them
institutional support letter and informed them about the objective and
nature of the study to the respondents as well. It was assured that the
participant's privacy must be maintained. Written informed consent was
obtained from all the participants. The study was approved by research
committee at Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi.
Plagiarism was also checked by the quality enhancement cell (QEC) of the
university.

\textbf{DISCUSSION}

Data was collected from 60 untrained and 60 trained women. 25.8 percent
of women were less than 20 years old where as 47.5 percent in between 21
to 23 and 26.7 percent of the women were above 24. 54.2 percent women
were residing in Rawalpindi whereas remining in Islamabad. 10 percent of
women were have qualification under SSC level and 47.5 percent were
having 11 to 14 years of education whereas 42.5 percent were highly
qualified. Level of training shows that 50 percent were untrained but in
remaining 50 percent, 14.2 percent were Yellow belt and 35.8 percent of
trained women were having orange belt (Table 1).

To meet first objective data was analyzed through statistical
techniques. Mann-Whitney technique of non-parametric tests was used to
compare the perception of self defense trained and untrained group of
women. Here group 1 is of untrained women and group 2 comprises trained
women. Results of comparison in different components are given in Table
1. The result of this study are supported by the study of Hollander
(2016). Table 2 shows that SDT empowers women that leads to differences
in perception of self defense trained and untrained women. 0.039 is less
than critical value 0.05 which shows that SDT reduces the fear of being
assaulted. 0.005 tells that never trusting anyone is the main rule of
safety. 0.841 shows that SDT improves assertiveness, aggressiveness,
cognitive, physical and verbal skills in trained women. 0.012 rejects
the hypothesis that SDT women do not feel safer to go out in public
places, but those women feel safer than untrained women to face public.
To meet second objective, descriptive analysis is used. The results of
the study are related to the findings of William and Hebl study in 2005.
Certain most relevant questions were asked from both trained and
untrained women to depict strategies of self defense. Results in table 3
show that 66.7 percent of the respondents cumulatively agree on never
trust others to secure yourself. To self protection, 85 percent of women
collectively agree to give importance to ourselves. 60 percent of
respondents are aware of self protection in dangerous environment.
Whereas, 75 percent of women are aware of what happening around them.
68.3 percent of women know about use of drugs in gathering that can be
cause of danger and 1.7 percent of women disagree on the danger in
gathering caused by use of drugs. So through these components,
strategies of self protection in different environment can be shown
supported by Brecklin and Ullman (1999).

\textbf{Conclusion}

The focus of the study was to audit the perception of self-defense
trained and untrained girls towards their self-protection and comprise
the strategies that both groups has used for their self-protection.

There are numerous articles published on the matter of women
self-defense training and the problems that they confront along the way
at the global level. This proves that actively participating in
self-defense classes for women is a challenge across the globe. however
the causes may vary like some women learn self-defense training before
their assault experience and some were learned after their
victimization.

The study found that it is the socio-cultural norms and the
stereotypical gender roles assigned to women, which create barrier their
tectonic and active participation in self-defense classes. Women who had
the self-defense training are less likely to become a victim of assault
than average women. Self-defense trained women use appropriate
strategies for their self-protection when required in order to reduce
the chances of being victimized.

Analysis denotes that there is insignificant relationship exists between
self-defense trained and untrained girls about attitude for
self-protection. Both groups coincide that to avoid is the best attitude
of self-protection. Self-defense training teaches women different skills
and improve their physical and verbal skills and self-defense trained
women feel safer than average women those do not have self-defense
training in public places. Untrained women contemplate that self-defense
training implies victim blaming if self-defense trained women failed to
protect themselves from violence and then in consequence everyone will
blame her for assault. While self-defense trained women do not concur
with them.

Self-defense training gives freedom to move freely in public domain.
Therefore, it is necessary that women learn self-defense training
because findings manifest that girls with self-defense training are
better able to tackle with assault situations and more likely to reduce
the risk of violence and confident to talk with stranger than women
which do not have training.

\textbf{REFRENCES}

Brecklin, L. R., \& Ullman, S. E. (2005). Self-defense or assertiveness
training and women's responses to sexual attacks.~\emph{Journal of
interpersonal violence} ,~\emph{20} (6), 738-762.

Weitlauf, J. C., Smith, R. E.,\& Cervone, D. (2000). Generalization
effects of coping-skills training: Influence of self-defense training on
women's efficacy beliefs, assertiveness, and aggression. \emph{Journal
of Applied Psychology,} 85, 625-633.

Hollander, J. A. (2009). The roots of resistance to women's
self-defense. \emph{Violence Against Women} , \emph{15} , 574-594.

Hollander, J. (2010). Why Do Women Take Self-Defense
Classes?\emph{Violence Against Women} .

Brecklin, L. R., \& Ullman, S. E. (2004). Correlates of post-assault
self-defense/assertiveness training participation for sexual assault
survivors. \emph{Psychology of Women Quarterly,} 28,147-158.

Hollander, J. A. (2014). Does Self-Defense Training Prevent Sexual
Violence Against Women? \emph{Violence Against Women} , 1-18.

Brecklin, L. R., \& Ullman, S. E. (2005). Self-defense or assertiveness
training and women's responses to sexual attacks. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 20, 738-762.Smith, S. (1989). \emph{Tourism
Analysis: A Handbook. Longman.} New York.

Hopwood, k. (1991). Women and Self---Defense Weapons. Off Our Backs, a
women new's journal, Vol. 21, No. 6, (The Conference Issue: National
Lesbian Conference), pp. 16-17.

Madden, M. E., \& Sokol, J. S. (1997). Teaching women self-defense:
Pedagogical issues. \emph{Feminist Teacher} , \emph{11} , 133-151

McCaughey, M. (1998). The Fighting Spirit: Women's Self-Defense Training
and the Discourse of Sexed Embodiment. \emph{Gender and Society, Vol.
12, No. 3} , pp. 277-300.

Searles, P., \& Follansbee, P. (1984). Self- defense for women:
Translating theory into practice. Frontiers: \emph{A Journal of Women
Studies,} 8, 65-70.

Sochting, I., Fairbrother, N., \& Koch, W.J., (2004). Sexual Assault of
Women. \emph{Violence Against Women, 10} (1), 73-93.

Soo-Warr, L. (2010). \emph{A young woman's guide to Health and Well
Being, self defense for women.} 9 East 21st Street, New York, NY
10010\emph{: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.}

Clay-Warner, J. (2002). Avoiding rape: The effects of protective actions
and situational factors on rape outcome. Violence and Victims, 17,
691-705.

Clay-Warner, J. (2003). The Context of Sexual Violence:Situational
Predictors of Self-Protective Actions. \emph{Violence and Victims,
Volume 18, Number 5} , 543-556.

Elizabeth M.Scheneider and Susan B. Jordan. (1978). Representation of
women who defend themselves in response to physical or sexual
assault.\emph{Family Law Review, Vol1.No.2.} , 118-130.

Hollander, J. A. (2016). The importance of self-defense training for
sexual violence prevention.~\emph{Feminism \& Psychology} ,~\emph{26}
(2), 207-226.

Perveen, D. R. ( 2013). \emph{Beyond Denial Violence against women in
Pakistan A qualitative review of reported incidents January -- December
2012.} Islamabad: Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation.

Pava, W.S., Bateman, P. \& Glascock, J. (1991, December). Self defense
training for visually impaired women. Journal of Visual Impairment and
Blindness, 397-401.

Rozee, P.D., \& Koss, M.P. (2001). Rape: A century of
resistance.\emph{Psychology of Women Quarterly,} 25, 295-311.

Rentschler, C. A. (1999). Women's Self- defense: Physical Education for
Everyday Life. \emph{Women's Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, No.
1/2}(Teaching About Violence Against Women), pp. 152-161.

Williams ,M. J., Michelle R. H. (2005). Warding Off the
Attacker:Self-Defense in Theory and in Practice1. \emph{Applied Social
Psychology} , pp. 366-382.

\textbf{ANNEXURE}

Table 1:\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.30\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Demographic\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.30\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Categories\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.30\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Frequency with percentage\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Less than 20 21-23 24 and above\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31(25.8\%) 57(47.5\%) 32(26.7\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Residence\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Rawalpind Islamabad\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65(54.2\%) 55(45.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Education\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Less than 10 11-14 15 and above\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12(10\%) 57(47.5\%) 51(42.5\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Level of training\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nill Yellow belt Orange belt\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.32\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60(50\%) 17(14.2\%) 43(35.8\%)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Table:2\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Statement\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Mann-Whitney U\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Wilcoxon W\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Z\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Asymp.Sig. (2-tailed)\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SDT empower women.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
392.500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
888.500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-.929\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.035\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SDT reduce the fear of being assaulted.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
281.500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
606.500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-.855\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.039\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
The main rule of safety is to never ever trust to someone.\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
119.500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
822.500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-2.793\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.005\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SDT, improves my assertiveness, aggressiveness, cognitive, physical and
verbal skills\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
328.000\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1363.000\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-.201\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.841\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SDT women feel safer than to go out in public places than average women
who have not such training\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
313.000\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
778.000\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-1.591\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.012\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
SDT implies victim blaming\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
168.500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
288.500\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
-.573\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
.567\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

Table: 3\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
Statements & Strongly agree & agree & Uncertain & disagree & Strongly
disagree\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
The main rule of safety is to never ever trust to someone. & 23 (19.2) &
57(47.5) & 18(15) & 22(18.3) & 0\tabularnewline
Value to own self is important for self protection . & 55(45.8) &
47(39.2) & 17(14.2) & 1(0.8) & 0\tabularnewline
I have awarness what to do in dangerous situation. & 28(23.3) & 44(36.7)
& 34(28.3) & 14(11.7) & 0\tabularnewline
I have awareness of what happened around me. & 29(24.2) & 61(50.8) &
16(13.3) & 10(8.3) & 4(3.3)\tabularnewline
The use of drugs in social gathering increases the chances of danger. &
37(30.8) & 45(37.5) & 3(2.5) & 33(27.5) & 2(1.7)\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

