Materials
A total of 20 target words were selected from Japanese Kanji norms, a normative set used in a previous study (Kitao et al., 1977) and used in the previous studies (Toyota, 1989). Each target word was written in a Japanese Kanji character familiar to the participants on separate Power­Point slides. The familiarity of these target words ranged from 4.1 to 5.8, and the concreteness of these words ranged from 81% to 98%. Each target word was placed on its slide on an orienting list (20 targets and two buffers). Each participant was asked to answer the orienting question: “Do you remember episodes related to a presented word ?” implicitly, without orally answering “ Yes” or “No.” The sequence of the target words in the orienting list was fixed.