Time Period Description
Ancient History Myths and stories about artificial beings, such as the Greek myth of Pygmalion: Intertwined with mythology, philosophy, and understanding of cognition and automatons.
Mid-20th Century Genesis of modern AI; optimism about machines that could ’think’.
1950 Turing Test proposed by Alan Turing.
1955 Development of the Logic Theorist by Newell and Simon.
1956 (Dartmouth Conference) Term ’Artificial Intelligence’ coined; optimism about simulating significant features of intelligence.
1960s-70s Golden Era: First AI programming languages and progress in problem-solving systems.
Late 1970s First AI Winter: Due to overhyped promises and technical limitations.
1980s Rise of Expert Systems: Computers mimicking human expert decision-making; (Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2010)).
Late 1980s- Early 1990s Second AI Winter: Challenges faced by rule-based systems leading to diminished funding and interest; (Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2010)).
1990s Revival with the rise of machine learning, especially decision trees and neural networks; (Jordan & Mitchell (2015))
2000s Era of big data and advanced algorithms; AI begins to outperform humans in specific tasks; (Chen, Chiang, & Storey (2012), Brynjolfsson & McAfee (2014), Bughin et al. (2017)).
2010s Deep learning revolution: AI systems like AlphaGo beat human champions. Ethical concerns on AI biases; AI’s broad economic implications; (Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2010)), (Ferrucci et al. (2013)), (Knight, 2017), (O’Neil, 2016), (Purdy & Daugherty, 2016), (Ransbotham et al., 2017), (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2019).
2020s Proliferation of AI in daily life, ethical concerns, and development of more advanced AI systems. (Fountaine, McCarthy, & Saleh (2019)), (West (2018)), (Wirtz, Weyerer, & Geyer, (2019)), (Sun & Medaglia (2019)).