2.2. Participants and Variables
The study incorporated 164 patients diagnosed with GBM registered from 2014 to 2018, utilizing standardized data collection forms derived from hospital medical records. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients with confirmed histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnoses of GBM who received care in Guilan Province during the specified period. Patient information, including age, gender, tumor location, and histopathological diagnosis date, was collected. Patients with incomplete or insufficient records were excluded from the study. The overall survival status of each patient was verified using their national ID to cross-reference death reports. Survival duration, measured in months from the histopathological diagnosis to the time of death, was calculated for deceased individuals.