Figure 1. Formation mechanism of graphene directly synthesized on arbitrary substrate by C-ion implantation. a1-a3) Schematic illustration of our graphene synthesis method. b1-b3) SIMS depth profiles of C-implanted Cu-Ni films on SiO2 substrate. c1-c3) Schematic diagrams showing the graphene synthesis process by C ion implantation into the Smart Janus Cu-Ni dual metal substrate.