Model selection
Along with the 53 occurrences, 1401 background points were selected and used for model training. The best models selected by the delta.AIC for each of the four approaches shared a similar combination of the feature classes (Linear, Quadratic, and Hinge), without hinge features in the one-year temporal resolution (parameters and validation metrics of each model are shown in Fig. 5). Selected regularization multipliers range from 0.3 to 2.2. The standard approach yielded the highest validation AUC, although it had the lowest CBI compared to the time-matched approaches. The validation omission rate (OR) of the 30-year average was slightly higher for the standard approach than for the other time-matched approaches. In terms of the geographic predictions of each approach, shorter temporal resolutions resulted in more extensive predictions (Fig. 5).