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\begin{document}

\title{Smartphone-Based Tree Diameter Measurement Using Single Snapshot}



\author[1]{Wang Xiang}%
\author[1]{Song Zhang}%
\author[1]{Songlin Fei}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 05, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
This paper presents an inventive and precise methodology for measuring
tree diameters at specific heights, leveraging iPhones equipped with
light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and red, green, and blue (RGB)
sensors. Initially, a single snapshot of the tree is captured,
incorporating depth and RGB images. Sparse LiDAR data is processed to
generate a dense 3D point cloud for each RGB pixel, allowing accurate
estimation of the tree trunk's orientation. This raw 3D point cloud is
then standardized, ensuring consistency irrespective of the capture
angle. A specific band of transformed 3D points around the target height
is selected to estimate the initial diameter and the average distance
from the tree to the smartphone camera. To enhance accuracy, a
precomputed lookup table is utilized. Experimental results showcase the
method's efficacy, achieving a measurement accuracy of approximately
1.12 cm in mean absolute error and 0.77 cm in root mean square error for
218 trees within a depth range of 0.2 m to 5 m, using an iPhone 13 Pro.
This proposed diameter estimation technique proves invaluable for
practical forest inventory applications, given its unmatched reliability
and precision. Forestry experts and researchers can significantly
benefit from this approach, revolutionizing the way tree measurements
are conducted in the field. The integration of smartphone technology
with advanced sensors marks a pivotal advancement in the realm of forest
assessment, paving the way for more accurate and efficient ecological
studies and resource management initiatives.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\emph{\textbf{Wang Xiang\textsuperscript{\emph{1}}}, Song
Zhang\textsuperscript{\textbf{1}}, Songlin Fei\textsuperscript{2}}

\emph{\textsuperscript{1}} \emph{School of Mechanical Engineering,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA}

\emph{\textsuperscript{2}} \emph{Department of Forestry and Natural
Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA}

\textbf{ORCiD:} {[}0009-0003-7015-3707{]}

\textbf{Keywords:} Tree diameter, Diameter at breast height, Single
snapshot, LiDAR, Smartphone

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