Biochemical biomarkers
Biochemical biomarkers are collected from body fluids, such as the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, saliva and urine, or tissue biopsies
such as skin, and analyzed using molecular biology techniques
[10-12]. Indeed, such biomarkers are easily accessible without risky
procedures, but sensitivity and specificity issues might limit their
utility [13]. In this respect CSF and blood biomarkers reflecting
the pathophysiology of PD, such as alpha-synuclein (a-syn) species,
lysosomal enzymes, neurofilaments and markers of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and
tau pathology are obvious candidates [9, 14]. There is only a
limited number of studies with focus on serum or plasma biochemistry
during experimental PD [15].