CANCOR Analysis
The CANCOR analysis revealed positive and negative adaptive loci that were correlated (|r |=0.25) with phenotypic traits (Fig.1). Ten adaptive loci with positive phenotypic effects on height were found but no adaptive loci for positive increases in DBH being discovered. Incidentally, two of these loci for height were identified in the GAPIT analyse. The two loci were associated with environmental traits for maximum solar radiation and forest fire risk (aridity-based parameters). Twenty-six loci were associated with a reduction in height and one locus was associated with a reduction in DBH. One of these loci was shared between DBH and height and none of these loci were shared between CANCOR and GAPIT . From the environmental analyses, 121 loci were positively adaptive towards one or more variables. Of these 62 were shared between the GAPIT and CANCOR analyses. 131 loci were negatively correlated with to one or more environmental parameters. Zero of these negatively adaptive loci were shared with the GAPIT analyses.
Association between environmental and phenotypic traits was defined as sharing a position in the first two canonical dimensions. All positive associations were relating to height. Four associations were due to maximum solar radiation (max_srad) which is typical for spruce trees to grow taller in the presence of solar radiation, however, these loci may indicate more efficient use of solar radiation. Two were towards and two involved precipitation seasonality. Interestingly one association linked height increases with forest fire risk (aridity-based parameters) which indicated aridity adaptations. There were twenty-six loci associated with a negative reduction in height. Of these, 15 loci were associated with maximum or mean snow cover indicating adaptive reduction in size to cope with high snow cover. 11 loci were involved with minimum or mean solar radiation (mean srad).
There were approximately two environmental gradients discovered in the environmental analyses (Fig.2). The first, and main cluster, is found between quadrants 2 and 3 with adaptive loci being found for solar radiation (mean srad, min_srad, max_srad), aridity (forest fire, isothemality, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of driest month) and temperature extremes (max temp, min temp) (Fig.2a). The second cluster, which was smaller, is found between quadrants one and four with adaptive loci for snowfall (min snow cover, mean snow cover, max snow cover) and temperature ranges (temperature seasonality, temperature annual range) being discovered (Fig.2a). Height is mainly affected by the first cluster and DBH is located in quadrant three but is not directly affected by any environmental parameters (Fig.2b).