2.1 | Homology modeling of rice AGPase sub-unitsĀ 
The amino acid sequences of OsAGPase-L1 (OsL1; XP_015640472/ Os05g0580000 LOC_Os05g50380) and OsAGPase-S1 (OsS1; XP_015612224/ LOC_Os09g12660/ Os09g0298200) were retrieved from NCBI-protein database. Using MODELLER 9.17,28 we generated three-dimensional models of the domain regions of OsL1 and OsS1. These models were created by employing the crystal structure of the potato AGPase SS (1YP3)29 as a template. In total, fifty 3D models were generated, and the representative models for each subunit were selected based on the lowest DOPE score. The random loop regions were subsequently remodeled using GalaxyLoop,30 and final refinement of the models was carried out using the GalaxyRefine server.31 Following the model refinement, the stereochemical properties and overall quality of the OsAGPase-L1 and OsS1 models were evaluated using PROCHECK,32ProSA,33 ProQ,34 and Verify3D.35