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\begin{document}

\title{Extremely High Sea Surface Temperatures in 2023}



\author[1]{Boyin Huang}%
\author[2]{Xungang Yin}%
\author[1]{James Carton}%
\author[3]{Ligang Chen}%
\author[4]{Garrett Graham}%
\author[2]{Patrick Hogan}%
\author[5]{Thomas Smith}%
\author[2]{Huai-Min Zhang}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{NOAA/NCEI}%
\affil[3]{Dept. Atmos. Oceanic Science, UMD}%
\affil[4]{North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University}%
\affil[5]{NOAA/Center for Satellite Applications and Research}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
NOAA's Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST)
indicates that globally averaged sea surface temperature (SST) broke
record in March 2023 and set new record highs in April, July, and August
2023. This has raised intense media interest and public concern about
causes and connections to climate change. Our analysis indicates that
the record high SSTs qualified as marine heatwaves (MHWs) and even
super-MHWs as defined in this study, and are attributed to three
factors: (i) a linear trend, (ii) a shift to the warm phase of the
multi-decadal {Pacific-Atlantic-Arctic Oscillation}(PAO) pattern which
is identified in this study, and (iii) the transition from the
triple-dip succession of La Ni\selectlanguage{ngerman}ña events to the 2023 El Niño event.

\par\null

\textbf{One-Sentence Summary}

The extreme warm SSTs in 2023 resulted from linear warming trends, a
pattern of low-frequency oscillation, and the El Niño event.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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