Conclusion
Cranial nerve stimulation and neuromodulation techniques represent a promising frontier in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These innovative approaches have the potential to address the limitations of current pharmacological and surgical therapies, providing more targeted, less invasive, and better-tolerated options for patients with this debilitating disorder. This review has highlighted the latest advancements in non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques, their underlying principles, devices, protocols, and the clinical evidence supporting their safety and efficacy.
The translation of these novel techniques into clinical practice requires a concerted effort to address the challenges and future directions discussed in this review. These include understanding the mechanisms of action, developing personalized treatment strategies, exploring combination therapies, creating user-friendly and cost-effective devices, and generating long-term follow-up and real-world evidence. By overcoming these obstacles and building on the current evidence base, cranial nerve stimulation and neuromodulation techniques hold great promise for transforming PD management and improving the quality of life for millions of patients affected by this devastating disorder.
Ultimately, the success of these innovative approaches in the clinical setting will depend on the collaborative efforts of researchers, clinicians, industry partners, and patient advocates. Through multidisciplinary research and close cooperation among stakeholders, the field of cranial nerve stimulation and neuromodulation for PD treatment can continue to advance and evolve, paving the way for a brighter future for patients and their families.