3.2.1 Mamukao River
In the spring (Fig 7(a)), the distribution of stable snowpack in the Mamukao River is extensive, covering 85.51% of the total area of the zone. However, stable snow cover is limited to the central and northern parts of the district, primarily due to their lower altitude valley locations. As altitude increases across different altitude zones, the percentage of area covered by stable snow gradually rises. At altitudes below 4400m, the distribution of stable snow areas is minimal, accounting for only 32.63% of the total area. Conversely, in the elevation range of 4400-4600m, the extent of stable snow accumulation is larger, covering 83.08% of the region’s total area. The maximum coverage of stable snow accumulation is observed in the 4600-4800m elevation range, representing 92.66% of the area. Altitudes above 4800m account for 92.05% of the region.
In winter (Fig 7(b)), the Mamukao River is only partially covered by stable snow, accounting for a relatively small proportion of 10.6%. This coverage is significantly smaller compared to the area covered by stable snow in spring. The distribution of the stable snowpack is sporadic, primarily found in the eastern and western regions, while it is almost non-existent in the central and northern parts. The proportion of the area covered by stable snow gradually increases with higher altitudes. Below an altitude of 4400m, there is no distribution of stable snow, resulting in a snow cover proportion of 0. Between 4400m and 4600m, the area covered by stable snow is minimal, constituting only 1.61% of the total area. In the altitude range of 4600-4800m, the proportion of stable snow coverage increases to 17.96%. Finally, at altitudes exceeding 4800m, the proportion of stable snow cover reaches 47.16%, significantly surpassing other altitude areas.