HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HBV-HCC HBV-related Hepatocellular carcinoma
Tregs Regulatory T cells
nTregs Natural regulatory T-cells
iTregs Induced regulatory T cells
Tconvs Conventional T cells
AHB Acute hepatitis B
CHB Chronic hepatitis B
IT Immune-tolerant
ALT Alanine aminotransferase
CTLA-4 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4
APC Antigen-presenting cell
DCs Dendritic cells
IDO Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase
Teffs Effector T cells
PD-1 Programmed death-1
LAG-3 Lymphocyte activation gene-3
TIGIT T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain
TIM-3 T-cell immunoglobulin-3
Gal-9 Galectin-9
HMGB1 High-mobility group protein B1
PtdSer Phosphatidylserine
CEACAM-1 Carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1
EVs Extracellular vesicles
HBsAg HBV surface antigen
IFN-γ Interferon-γ
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α
HC Healthy control
HBeAg Hepatitis B envelope antigen
IL Interleukin
TGFβ1 Transforming growth factor-β1
CTLs Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
HSCs Hepatic stellate cells
Id3 DNA-binding 3
pDC Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
5-aza-CdR 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine
ACLF Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
MELD Model for end-stage liver disease
ASC Asymptomatic HBV carrier
NAs Nucleoside/nucleotide analogs
PEG-IFN Pegylated interferon
TR Therapeutic response
LF Liver fibrosis
hAMSC Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells
LC Liver cirrhosis
NK Natural killer cell
mTGF-β Membrane-bound TGF-β
KC Kupffer cells
TREM-1 Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1
TAM Tumor-associated macrophages
MDSC Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
PVR Poliovirus receptor
ICIs Immune checkpoint inhibitors
HIF1α Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α