4.1.1 Analytical protein microarray
Expression levels, binding affinities and specificities of complex proteins assortments are studied using Analytical microarrays. These microarrays, often made on glass slides, consist of antibodies, aptamers, or affibodies. They are mainly employed for capturing specific proteins, including clinical applications such as diagnosing diseases and monitoring expression changes due to environmental stress [47]. For instance, antibody arrays have been used for profiling proteins in bladder cancer and squamous carcinoma, as well as detecting toxins like B. ricin, cholera toxin, Bacillus globigii, and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B [48].