5.4 X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a method for determining crystalline 3D
structures of protein. Crystallized samples are exposed to X-rays, and
the resulting patterns yield information about repeating unit sizes and
crystal packing symmetry. This technique is applied to study various
processes, including protein-DNA complexes, virus systems, and
immunological functions. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into
enzyme mechanisms, drug development, mutagenesis, and protein-ligand
interactions [61].