Figure 4. Species turnover between different habitat types and sites. A) NMDS plots based on 3 % OTUs, showing community similarity of all sampled sites. The plot shows community samples from barren lava, kīpuka centers, kīpuka edges, and continuous forest in Stainback and Kona Hema. The point sizes used to represent for kīpuka scales with kīpuka area. B) Community dissimilarity based on 3 % radius OTU beta diversity between site pairs within different types: lava, edge, center, Stainback, and Kona. C) NMDS plots based on zOTUs, showing community similarity of all sampled sites, designed as in panel A. D) Community dissimilarity based on zOTU beta diversity between site pairs, designed as in panel B.