3. Results

3.1 Spatio-temporal evolutions of urbanization from 2000 to 2020

EU exhibited the highest scores compared to the other subsystems, which were above 0.03 after 2010, while SCU was the lowest, with values below 0.02 (Table 4). Moreover, the values of PU, EU, SU and UI reached their highest in 2015, and SCU showed a steady upward trend, reaching a maximum in 2020. For the indicators’ changes, all of UI and four subsystems increased from 2000 to 2020 (Table 4). Among them, EU behaved the largest value of 0.0004 and SU exhibited the lowest. Furthermore, all indicators, apart from social urbanization, presented a negative change rate in 2015~2020. In particular, spatial urbanization increased by 0.001 in 2000~2005, but decreased in 2005~2020.