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\begin{document}

\title{Large methane emissions from tree stems complicate the wetland methane
budget}



\author[1]{Luke Christopher Jeffrey}%
\author[1]{Charly Moras}%
\author[1]{Douglas R Tait}%
\author[1]{Scott Gregory Johnston}%
\author[1]{Mitchell Call}%
\author[1]{James Zebediah Sippo}%
\author[1]{Naomi Jeffrey}%
\author[1]{Dylan Laicher-Edwards}%
\author[1]{Damien Troy Maher}%
\affil[1]{Southern Cross University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 04, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Our understanding of tree stem methane (CH4) emissions is evolving
rapidly. Few studies have combined seasonal measurements of soil, water
and tree stem CH4 emissions from forested wetlands, inhibiting our
capacity to constrain the tree stem CH4 flux contribution to total
wetland CH4 flux. Here we present annual data from a subtropical
freshwater Melaleuca quinquenervia wetland forest, spanning an
elevational topo-gradient (Lower, Transitional and Upper zones). Eight
field-campaigns captured an annual hydrological flood-dry-flood cycle,
measuring stem fluxes on 30 trees, from four stem heights, and up to 30
adjacent soil or water CH4 fluxes per campaign. Tree stem CH4 fluxes
ranged several orders of magnitude between hydrological seasons and
topo-gradient zones, spanning from small CH4 uptake to
\textasciitilde{}203 mmol m-2 d-1. Soil CH4 fluxes were similarly
dynamic and shifted from maximal CH4 emission (saturated soil) to uptake
(dry soil). In Lower and Transitional zones respectively, tree stem CH4
contribution to the net ecosystem flux was greatest during flooded
conditions (49.9 and 70.2 \%) but less important during dry periods (3.1
and 28.2 \%). Minor tree stem emissions from the Upper elevation zone
still offset the Upper zone CH4 soil sink capacity by
\textasciitilde{}51\% during dry conditions. Water table height was the
strongest driver of tree stem CH4 fluxes, however tree emissions peaked
once the soil was inundated and did not increase with further water
depth. This study highlights the importance of quantifying the wetland
tree stem CH4 emissions pathway as an important and seasonally
oscillating component of wetland CH4 budgets.%
\end{abstract}%



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