Data synthesis
All data were extracted from eligible studies using a standard data extraction checklist. We extracted the ORs with their 95% CIs for each specific initiating independent parameter of CSPH and calculated the pooled ORs and 95% CIs across studies using a random or fixed-effect model depending on heterogeneity. The revised Quality Assessment for Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy tool (QUADAS-2) was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies.12
Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q-test (p<0.1 indicated significant heterogeneity).13 The inconsistency index I2 was also calculated. A value of ≥50% was considered to represent substantial heterogeneity.13 The funnel plot was not evaluated in this meta-analysis due to the limited number of studies included. Statistical analysis was performed by R version 4.2.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).