The primary outcome in two longitudinal follow-up cohorts
In the international multicenter longitudinal follow-up cohort and longitudinal carvedilol-treating cohort, the primary outcome was the development of the first hepatic decompensation. To minimize reporting bias, we only include objective endpoints such as clinically significant ascites, variceal bleeding documented by endoscopy, and hepatic encephalopathy defined as West-Haven grade 3-4 determined by specialists.