Data synthesis
All data were extracted from eligible studies using a standard data
extraction checklist. We extracted the ORs with their 95% CIs for each
specific initiating independent parameter of CSPH and calculated the
pooled ORs and 95% CIs across studies using a random or fixed-effect
model depending on heterogeneity. The revised Quality Assessment for
Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy tool (QUADAS-2) was used to assess the
methodological quality of the included studies.12
Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q-test (p<0.1
indicated significant heterogeneity).13 The
inconsistency index I2 was also calculated. A value of
≥50% was considered to represent substantial
heterogeneity.13 The funnel plot was not evaluated in
this meta-analysis due to the limited number of studies included.
Statistical analysis was performed by R version 4.2.1 (R Foundation for
Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).