CSPH risk model development
We developed a categorization model according to the method of Jiang et al.14 Firstly, the risk factors included in CSPH predicting model were selected from the systematic review and meta-analysis described above. Secondly, the β-coefficient of risk factors was calculated according to the pooled ORs and its corresponding 95% CIs, respectively. Thirdly, the score of different components was calculated by multiplying the value of one component by the β-coefficient. For example, the score of part of LSM was calculated by multiplying the value of LSM by the β-coefficient of LSM. Finally, the CSPH risk was calculated by summing the score of all components.