Table and figure legend
Table 1. Locations and sample sizes of Quercus crispula(Qc ) and Q. crispula var. horikawae (Qch ) populations. Three populations (05Hx, 06Hx, and 07Hx) were identified asQch in the field observation but were grouped to Qc in genetic analysis (see Results 3.2).
Figure 1. Growth habits (a, d), leaf shape and size on adaxial surface (b, e), and leaf hairs on abaxial surface (c, f) ofQuercus crispula (a–c) and Q. crispula var.horikawae (d–f). Photographs were taken by Lerma San Jose-Maldia (a–d) and Saneyoshi Ueno (e, f).
Figure 2. Locations of Quercus crispula (Qc ) andQ. crispula var. horikawae (Qch ) populations in central and northern Honshu. Numbers indicate locations shown in Table 1. Colors of circles indicate taxonomic and genetic categories (red:Qc , blue: Qch , and green: populations identified asQch in the field observation but grouped to Qc in genetic analysis).
Table 2. Frequency of cpDNA haplotypes and genetic diversity of ncEST-SSR genotypes in Quercus crispula (Qc ) and Q. crispula var. horikawae (Qch ) populations. Population codes are shown in Table 1.
Figure 3. Principal component analysis of ncEST-SSR genotypes. (a) Ordinations of individuals. Contributions of first–fifth principal components (PCs) to total variation among individuals are 3.80%, 2.81%, 2.69%, 2.59%, and 2.38%, respectively. (b) Ordinations of populations. Contributions of first–fifth PCs to total variation among populations are 22.5%, 17.0%, 7.1%, 6.9%, and 5.8%, respectively. Population codes are shown in Table 1. Colors of circles indicate taxonomic and genetic categories (red: Qc , blue: Qch , and green: populations identified as Qch in the field observation but grouped to Qc in genetic analysis).
Figure 4. Bar plots of ancestry proportions of 2–4 clusters (K ) in STRUCTURE analysis of ncEST-SSR genotypes. Colors of bars indicate inferred ancestries representing; (a) red: Quercus crispula (Qc ) and blue: Q. crispula var. horikawae(Qch ) at K = 2, (b) red: a part of Qc ancestry (Qc 1), orange: the other part of Qc ancestry (Qc 2), and blue: Qch at K = 3, and (c) red: Qc 1, orange:Qc 2, light blue: northern lineage of Qch ancestry, and blue: southern lineage of Qch ancestry at K = 4. Population codes are shown in Table 1. Colors of population codes indicate taxonomic and genetic categories (red: Qc , blue:Qch , and green: populations identified as Qch in the field observation but grouped to Qch in genetic analysis).
Figure 5. Neighbor-joining tree of populations based on Nei’s distance in ncEST-SSR genotypes. Population codes are shown in Table 1. Colors of population codes indicate taxonomic and genetic categories (red: Qc , blue: Qch , and green: populations identified asQch in the field observation but grouped to Qc in genetic analysis). Numbers (≤ 29) at nodes indicate the frequency of trees generated by jackknifing of loci (removing one out of available 29 loci) at focal nodes that contain consistent populations with the tree constructed from all the 29 loci.
Figure 6. Principal component analysis of populations by climatic conditions. (a) Loadings of climatic variables; T01–T12: monthly mean values of daily mean temperature (red arrows), P01–P12: monthly precipitation (blue arrows), and S12–03: monthly maximum snow depth (black arrows) to first and second principal components (PCs) and contributions (%) of first–fifth PCs to total variation. (b) Ordinations of populations in first and second PCs. Population codes are shown in Table 1. Colors of circles indicate taxonomic and genetic categories (red: Qc , blue: Qch , and green: populations identified as Qch in the field observation but grouped toQc in genetic analysis).
Figure 7. Principal component analysis of leaves by leaf characters. (a) Loadings of seven measurements (arrows of a–g) to first and second principal components (PCs) and contributions (%) of first–fifth PCs to total variation among leaves. Ordinations of leaves (b) and populations (c) in first and second PCs. Population codes are shown in Table 1. Colors of circles indicate taxonomic and genetic categories (red: Qc , blue: Qch , and green: populations identified as Qch in the field observation but grouped toQc in genetic analysis).