3.1 | Chloroplast DNA haplotypes
Among the determined cpDNA sequences, we discriminated three cpDNA haplotypes (A, B, and C) based on substitutions at four nucleotide sites in rp L32–trn L(UAG) region (Figure S2 in Supporting Information). Qc and Qch populations shared common haplotypes A and B (Table 2). Haplotype A ranged across northern (2: 40.7˚N) and southern (11: 36.7˚N) locations, whereas haplotype B occurred in restricted locations (4, 6, and 7: 38.8–40.1˚N; Table 2, Figure 2). In location 4 (40.1˚N), Qc population 04C had haplotype B, while Qch population 04H had haplotype A (Table 2). Haplotype C was found in the most southwestern location 11 (36.7˚N; Table 2, Figure 2).