ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank all farmers and land owners in Ambon, Banda, Ternate, Tidore, and Bacan for providing information on nutmeg history as well as leaves materials, as well as to our guide and Dina Tri Wahyuni for providing assistance during the field work. We thank Pongky Van den Broeke in Banda for all information on nutmeg history. Francis J. Nge for providing the English correction for this manuscript. This study was authorized by Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) with research permit to JD (144/SIP/FRP/E5/Ditk.KI/V/2018) and collecting permit to JK (B-3382/IPH.1/KS.02.04/IX/2019 and B-75/IV/KS.01.04/3/2022). We also greatly appreciate the support from the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) to JK with grant No. 0003719/AFR/D/BUDI-2018. This project was also supported by the Agropolis Fondation under the reference ID 1502-503 and 1502-504 through the « Investissements d’avenir » programme (Labex Agro: ANR-10-LABX-0001-01), under the frame of I-SITE MUSE (ANR-16-IDEX-0006). The authors acknowledge the ISO 9001 certified IRD i-Trop HPC (South Green Platform) at IRD Montpellier for providing HPC resources that have contributed to the research results reported within this paper.