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\begin{document}

\title{Lithium-Based Batteries, History, Current Status, Challenges and Future
Perspectives}



\author[1]{Triana Wulandari}%
\author[2]{Derek Fawcett}%
\author[2]{Subhasish Majumder}%
\author[3]{Gerrard Poinern}%
\affil[1]{Murdoch University}%
\affil[2]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[3]{Murdoch University School of Engineering and Information Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Currently, the main drivers for developing Li-ion batteries for
efficient enery applications include energy density, cost, calendar
life, and safety. The high energy/capacity anodes and cathodes needed
for these applications is hindered by challengers like: 1) aging and
degradation; 2) improved safety; 3) material costs, and 4)
recyclability. The present begins by summarising the progress made from
early Li-metal anode-based batteries to current commercial Li-ion
batteries. Then discusses the recent progress made in studying and
developing various types of materials for both anode and cathode
electrodes, as well the various types of electrolytes and separator
materials developed specifically for Li-ion battery operation. Battery
management, handling and safety are also discussed at length. Also, as a
consequence of the exponentially growth in the production of Li-ion
batteries over the last ten years, the review identifies the challenge
of dealing with the ever-increasing quantities of spent batteries. The
review identifies the economic value of metals like Co and Ni contained
with batteries and the extremely large numbers of batteries produced to
date and the extremely large numbers that are expected to be
manufactured in the next ten years. Thus, highlighting the need to
develop effective recycling strategies to reduce the levels of mining
for raw materials and prevents harmful products from entering the
environment through landfill disposal.%
\end{abstract}%



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