Stirred tank
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Good homogenisation
Simple operation
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Difficult to scale-up
Laccase inactivation due to shear forces
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Fixed bed
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Decrease of shear forces
Easy to scale up
Low operational cost
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Charge losses
Preferential channels
Diffusion limitations
Risk of bed clogging
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Fluidised bed
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Decrease of charge losses
Good homogenization
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Diffusion limitations
Higher shear forces than fixed-bed
Energy expenditure for bed fluidisation
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Membrane
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Stabilization of the enzyme if immobilised on/in the membrane
Good contact between the enzyme and the substrate
Washing loss of enzymes is reduced
Easy to scale up
|
Costly
Membrane fouling
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