References:
1. Geisen UM, Sümbül M, Tran F, Berner DK, Reid HM, Vullriede L, et al. Humoral protection to SARS-CoV2 declines faster in patients on TNF alpha blocking therapies. RMD open. 2021;7(3).
2. Chen RE, Gorman MJ, Zhu DY, Carreño JM, Yuan D, VanBlargan LA, et al. Reduced antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 delta virus in serum of mRNA-vaccinated individuals receiving tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. Med. 2021;2(12):1327-41.e4.
3. Gravallese EM, Firestein GS. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Common Origins, Divergent Mechanisms. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(6):529-42.
4. Tracey D, Klareskog L, Sasso EH, Salfeld JG, Tak PP. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: A comprehensive review. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2008;117(2):244-79.
5. Geisen UM, Rose R, Neumann F, Ciripoi M, Vullriede L, Reid HM, et al. The long term vaccine-induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response is impaired in quantity and quality under TNFalpha blockade. J Med Virol. 2022;94(12):5780-9.
6. Shrestha LB, Foster C, Rawlinson W, Tedla N, Bull RA. Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants BA.1 to BA.5: Implications for immune escape and transmission. Rev Med Virol. 2022;32(5):e2381.
7. Cheung MW, Dayam RM, Shapiro JR, Law JC, Chao GYC, Pereira D, et al. Third and Fourth Vaccine Doses Broaden and Prolong Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Adult Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. The Journal of Immunology. 2023.
8. Kobie JJ, Zheng B, Bryk P, Barnes M, Ritchlin CT, Tabechian DA, et al. Decreased influenza-specific B cell responses in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(6):R209.
9. Wang Y, Wang J, Sun Y, Wu Q, Fu Y-X. Complementary Effects of TNF and Lymphotoxin on the Formation of Germinal Center and Follicular Dendritic Cells1. The Journal of Immunology. 2001;166(1):330-7.
10. Anolik JH, Ravikumar R, Barnard J, Owen T, Almudevar A, Milner EC, et al. Cutting edge: anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in rheumatoid arthritis inhibits memory B lymphocytes via effects on lymphoid germinal centers and follicular dendritic cell networks. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 2008;180(2):688-92.