Affiliations:
2 UK Health Security Agency, London, England, United
Kingdom (UK)
3 National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest,
Romania
4 Cantacuzino National Military-Medical Institute for
Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
5 Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
6 Public Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska,
Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
7 Faculty of Medicine University of Banja Luka, Banja
Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
8 General Directorate of Public Health, Ankara,
Türkiye
9 National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
10 National Public Health Center under the Ministry of
Health, Vilnius, Lithuania
11 National Public Health Surveillance Laboratory,
Vilnius, Lithuania
12 Ministry for Health Regulation, Pieta, Malta
13 University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
14 Laboratoire national de santé, Dudelange,
Luxembourg
15 Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb,
Croatia
16 National Laboratory of Health, Environment and
Food, Ljubljana, Slovenia
17 National Institute of Public Health, Ljubljana,
Slovenia
18 Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera Torlak,
Belgrade, Serbia
19 Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Belgrade,
Serbia
20 National Agency for Public Health, Chişinău,
Republic of Moldova
21 Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga,
Latvia
22 Riga East university hospital, Riga, Latvia
23 Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
24 Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven,
The Netherlands
25 Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
26 Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
27 Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice, France
28 Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
29 National Institute of Public Health, Prague,
Czechia
30 National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
31 The Directorate of Health, Reykjavik, Iceland
32 The National University Hospital of Iceland,
Reykjavik, Iceland
33 Public Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
34 Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
35 National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
36 The Estonian Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia
37 Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
38 Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic,
Bratislava, Slovakia
39 Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare and Public
Health Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Toshkent, Uzbekistan
40 Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki,
Finland
41 Public Health Agency, Belfast, Northern Ireland,
United Kingdom
42 Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast,
Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
43 Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St
Petersburg, Russian Federation
44 Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and
Public Health, Minsk, Belarus
45 Republican Research and Practical Center for
Epidemiology and Microbiology, Minsk, Belarus
46 Institute of Public Health of Montenegro,
Podgorica, Montenegro
47 National Center for disease control and prevention,
Yerevan, Armenia
48 National Center for Disease Control and Public
Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
49 Public Health Center of the Ministry of Health of
Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
50 Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
51 West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre,
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
52 Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland, United
Kingdom
53 National Institute of Health Doctor Ricardo Jorge,
Lisbon, Portugal
54 National Virus Reference Laboratory, Dublin,
Ireland
55 Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin,
Ireland
56 National Institute of Public Health of Kosovo,
Prishtina, Kosovo11This designation is without prejudice to
positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ
Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence. All references to
Kosovo in this document should be understood to be in the context of
the United Nations Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).
57 Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of
Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
58 National Center of Infectious and Parasitic
Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
Bibliography
1. Li Y, Wang X, Broberg EK, Campbell H, Nair H, European RSV
Surveillance Network. Seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus and its
association with meteorological factors in 13 European countries, week
40 2010 to week 39 2019. Eurosurveillance 2022;27.
2. Broberg EK, Waris M, Johansen K, Snacken R, Penttinen P, European
Influenza Surveillance Network. Seasonality and geographical spread of
respiratory syncytial virus epidemics in 15 European countries, 2010 to
2016. Eurosurveillance 2018;23.
3. Mook P, Meerhoff T, Olsen SJ, et al. Alternating patterns of seasonal
influenza activity in the WHO European Region following the 2009
pandemic, 2010‐2018. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2020;14:150-161.
4. Mazur NI, Terstappen J, Baral R, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus
prevention within reach: the vaccine and monoclonal antibody landscape.
The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2022;0.
5. Odumade OA, van Haren SD, Angelidou A. Implications of the Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic on the
Epidemiology of Pediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Clin
Infect Dis 2022;75:S130-S135.
6. Papi A, Ison MG, Langley JM, et al. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Prefusion F Protein Vaccine in Older Adults. New England Journal of
Medicine 2023;388:595-608.
7. Chatterjee A, Mavunda K, Krilov LR. Current State of Respiratory
Syncytial Virus Disease and Management. Infect Dis Ther 2021;10:5-16.
8. Eden J-S, Sikazwe C, Xie R, et al. Off-season RSV epidemics in
Australia after easing of COVID-19 restrictions. Nat Commun
2022;13:2884.
9. Tang JW, Bialasiewicz S, Dwyer DE, et al. Where have all the viruses
gone? Disappearance of seasonal respiratory viruses during the COVID‐19
pandemic. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93:4099-4101.
10. Binns E, Koenraads M, Hristeva L, et al. Influenza and respiratory
syncytial virus during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Time for a new paradigm?
Pediatric Pulmonology 2022;57:38-42.
11. Melidou A, Ködmön C, Nahapetyan K, et al. Influenza returns with a
season dominated by clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2 A(H3N2) viruses, WHO European
Region, 2021/22. Eurosurveillance 2022;27.
12. van Summeren J, Meijer A, Aspelund G, et al. Low levels of
respiratory syncytial virus activity in Europe during the 2020/21
season: what can we expect in the coming summer and autumn/winter?
Eurosurveillance 2021;26.
13. Vos LM, Teirlinck AC, Lozano JE, et al. Use of the moving epidemic
method (MEM) to assess national surveillance data for respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV) in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2017. Eurosurveillance
2019;24:1800469.
14. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical
computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL
https://www.R-project.org/. 2022.
15. Staadegaard L, Caini S, Wangchuk S, et al. The Global Epidemiology
of RSV in Community and Hospitalized Care: Findings From 15 Countries.
Open Forum Infect Dis 2021;8:ofab159.
16. Lambert L, Sagfors AM, Openshaw PJM, Culley FJ. Immunity to RSV in
Early-Life. Front Immunol 2014;5.
17. Di Mattia G, Nenna R, Mancino E, et al. During the COVID‐19 pandemic
where has respiratory syncytial virus gone? Pediatric Pulmonology
2021;56:3106-3109.
18. Li Y, Wang X, Msosa T, Wit F, Murdock J, Nair H. The impact of the
2009 influenza pandemic on the seasonality of human respiratory
syncytial virus: A systematic analysis. Influenza Resp Viruses
2021;15:804-812.
19. Bardsley M, Morbey RA, Hughes HE, et al. Epidemiology of respiratory
syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in England during the
COVID-19 pandemic, measured by laboratory, clinical, and syndromic
surveillance: a retrospective observational study. The Lancet Infectious
Diseases 2023;23:56-66.
Table 1: Summary breakdown of RSV
data by surveillance system for the 2020/21 (weeks 40/2020 to 39/2021)
and 2021/22 (weeks 40/2021 to 39/2022) seasons and corresponding
inter-seasonal periods, with percentage positivity in brackets, and
previous seasons (seasonal and inter-seasonal periods), in the selection
of countries included. †Reporting at least one
specimen tested. ‡ Note that the 50% was based on 10
specimens tested in one country.