References
1.
Aguirre, A.A., Gore, M.L., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Curtin, K.M., Heyns, A., Preiser, W. et al. (2021). Opportunities for transdisciplinary science to mitigate biosecurity risks from the intersectionality of illegal wildlife trade with emerging zoonotic pathogens. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution , 9, 604929.
2.
Altmann, M.C. & Kolby, J.E. (2017). Trends in US imports of amphibians in light of the potential spread of chytrid fungus,Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), and implications for conservation. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy , 20, 226-252.
3.
Anderson, P.K., Cunningham, A.A., Patel, N.G., Morales, F.J., Epstein, P.R. & Daszak, P. (2004). Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers.Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 19, 535-544.
4.
Becker, C., Greenspan, S., Tracy, K., Dash, J., Lambertini, C., Jenkinson, T. et al. (2017). Variation in phenotype and virulence among enzootic and panzootic amphibian chytrid lineages. Fungal Ecology , 26, 45-50.
5.
Bolnick, D.I. & Stutz, W.E. (2017). Frequency dependence limits divergent evolution by favouring rare immigrants over residents.Nature , 546, 285-288.
6.
Boyle, D.G., Boyle, D.B., Olsen, V., Morgan, J.A.T. & Hyatt, A.D. (2004). Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 60, 141-148.
7.
Brannelly, L.A., Richards-Zawacki, C.L. & Pessier, A.P. (2012). Clinical trials with itraconazole as a treatment for chytrid fungal infections in amphibians. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 101, 95-104.
8.
Carey, C., Cohen, N. & Rollins-Smith, L. (1999). Amphibian declines: an immunological perspective. Developmental and Comparative Immunology , 23, 459-472.
9.
Chatfield, M.W.H. & Richards-Zawacki, C.L. (2011). Elevated temperature as a treatment for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in captive frogs. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 94, 235-238.
10.
Chung, Y., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Dorie, V., Gelman, A. & Liu, J. (2013). A nondegenerate penalized likelihood estimator for variance parameters in multilevel models. Psychometrika , 78, 685-709.
11.
Cohen, J.M., Civitello, D.J., Venesky, M.D., McMahon, T.A. & Rohr, J.R. (2018). Thermal mismatches explain how climate change and infectious disease drove widespread amphibian extinctions. Global Change Biology 25, 927–937.
12.
Cunningham, A., Daszak, P. & Rodriguez, J. (2003). Pathogen pollution: defining a parasitological threat to biodiversity conservation. J Parasitol , 89, S78-S83.
13.
Cunningham, A.A., Daszak, P. & Wood, J.L. (2017). One Health, emerging infectious diseases and wildlife: two decades of progress?Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 372, 20160167.
14.
Daszak, P., Cunningham, A.A. & Hyatt, A.D. (2000). Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife: Threats to biodiversity and human health.Science , 287, 443-449.
15.
Fisher, M.C. & Garner, T.W. (2020). Chytrid fungi and global amphibian declines. Nature Reviews Microbiology , 18, 332-343.
16.
Fisher, M.C., Henk, D.A., Briggs, C.J., Brownstein, J.S., Madoff, L.C., McCraw, S.L. et al. (2012). Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature , 484, 186-194.
17.
Fu, M. & Waldman, B. (2019). Ancestral chytrid pathogen remains hypervirulent following its long coevolution with amphibian hosts.Proceedings of the Royal Society B , 286, 20190833.
18.
Gandon, S. & Van Zandt, P.A. (1998). Local adaptation and host–parasite interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 13, 214-216.
19.
Golas, B.D., Goodell, B. & Webb, C.T. (2021). Host adaptation to novel pathogen introduction: Predicting conditions that promote evolutionary rescue. Ecology Letters , 24, 2238-2255.
20.
Greischar, M.A. & Koskella, B. (2007). A synthesis of experimental work on parasite local adaptation. Ecology letters , 10, 418-434.
21.
Johnson, P., Calhoun, D.M., Moss, W.E., McDevitt‐Galles, T., Riepe, T.B., Hallas, J.M. et al. (2021). The cost of travel: How dispersal ability limits local adaptation in host–parasite interactions. Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 34, 512-524.
22.
Kaltz, O. & Shykoff, J.A. (1998). Local adaptation in host–parasite systems. Heredity , 81, 361-370.
23.
Lambertini, C., Becker, C.G., Jenkinson, T.S., Rodriguez, D., da Silva Leite, D., James, T.Y. et al. (2016). Local phenotypic variation in amphibian-killing fungus predicts infection dynamics. Fungal Ecology , 20, 15-21.
24.
Lively, C.M. & Dybdahl, M.F. (2000). Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes. Nature , 405, 679.
25.
Lively, C.M. & Jokela, J. (1996). Clinal variation for local adaptation in a host-parasite interaction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences , 263, 891-897.
26.
Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Cross, P.C., Briggs, C.J., Daugherty, M., Getz, W.M., Latto, J. et al. (2005). Should we expect population thresholds for wildlife disease? Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 20, 511-519.
27.
Longo, A.V., Rodriguez, D., da Silva Leite, D., Toledo, L.F., Mendoza Almeralla, C., Burrowes, P.A. et al. (2013). ITS1 copy number varies among Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis strains: implications for qPCR estimates of infection intensity from field-collected amphibian skin swabs. PLoS One , 8, e59499.
28.
Lymbery, A.J., Morine, M., Kanani, H.G., Beatty, S.J. & Morgan, D.L. (2014). Co-invaders: the effects of alien parasites on native hosts.International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife , 3, 171-177.
29.
Mastitsky, S.E., Karatayev, A.Y., Burlakova, L.E. & Molloy, D.P. (2010). Parasites of exotic species in invaded areas: does lower diversity mean lower epizootic impact? Diversity and Distributions , 16, 798-803.
30.
McDonald, C., Ellison, A., Toledo, L., James, T. & Zamudio, K.R. (2020). Gene expression varies within and between enzootic and epizootic lineages of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in the Americas.Fungal Biology , 124, 34-43.
31.
McKenzie, V.J. & Peterson, A.C. (2012). Pathogen pollution and the emergence of a deadly amphibian pathogen. Molecular Ecology , 21, 5151-5154.
32.
McMahon, T.A., Brannelly, L.A., Chatfield, M.W.H., Johnson, P.T.J., Joseph, M.B., McKenzie, V.J. et al. (2013). Chytrid fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis has nonamphibian hosts and releases chemicals that cause pathology in the absence of infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 110, 210-215.
33.
McMahon, T.A., Sears, B.F., Venesky, M.D., Bessler, S.M., Brown, J.M., Deutsch, K. et al. (2014). Amphibians acquire resistance to live and dead fungus overcoming fungal immunosuppression. Nature , 511, 224-227.
34.
Morens, D.M., Daszak, P., Markel, H. & Taubenberger, J.K. (2020). Pandemic COVID-19 joins history’s pandemic legion. MBio , 11, e00812-00820.
35.
Morran, L.T., Schmidt, O.G., Gelarden, I.A., Parrish, R.C. & Lively, C.M. (2011). Running with the Red Queen: host-parasite coevolution selects for biparental sex. Science , 333, 216-218.
36.
Nordheim, C.L., Grim, J.M. & McMahon, T.A. (2021).Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) exposure damages gill tissue and inhibits crayfish respiration. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms , 146, 67-73.
37.
O’Hanlon, S.J., Rieux, A., Farrer, R.A., Rosa, G.M., Waldman, B., Bataille, A. et al. (2018). Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines. Science , 360, 621-627.
38.
Parker, I.M., Saunders, M., Bontrager, M., Weitz, A.P., Hendricks, R., Magarey, R. et al. (2015). Phylogenetic structure and host abundance drive disease pressure in communities. Nature , 520, 542-544.
39.
R Core Team, R. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing.
40.
Raffel, T.R., Halstead, N.T., McMahon, T., Romansic, J.M., Venesky, M.D. & Rohr, J.R. (2013). Disease and thermal acclimation in a more variable and unpredictable climate. Nature Climate Change , 3, 146-151.
41.
Reeder, D.M., Frank, C.L., Turner, G.G., Meteyer, C.U., Kurta, A., Britzke, E.R. et al. (2012). Frequent arousal from hibernation linked to severity of infection and mortality in bats with white-nose syndrome. PloS One , 7, e38920.
42.
Sauer, E.L., Cohen, J.M., Lajeunesse, M.J., McMahon, T.A., Civitello, D.J., Knutie, S.A. et al. (2020). A meta‐analysis reveals temperature, dose, life stage, and taxonomy influence host susceptibility to a fungal parasite. Ecology , 101, e02979.
43.
Scheele, B.C., Foster, C.N., Hunter, D.A., Lindenmayer, D.B., Schmidt, B.R. & Heard, G.W. (2019a). Living with the enemy: Facilitating amphibian coexistence with disease. Biological Conservation , 236, 52-59.
44.
Scheele, B.C., Pasmans, F., Skerratt, L.F., Berger, L., Martel, A., Beukema, W. et al. (2019b). Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity. Science , 363, 1459-1463.
45.
Strauss, A., White, A. & Boots, M. (2012). Invading with biological weapons: the importance of disease-mediated invasions. Functional Ecology , 1249-1261.
46.
Taraschewski, H. (2006). Hosts and parasites as aliens. Journal of Helminthology , 80, 99-128.
47.
Therneau, T. (2014). A package for survival analysis in S. R package version 2.37-7.
48.
Torchin, M.E., Lafferty, K.D., Dobson, A.P., McKenzie, V.J. & Kuris, A.M. (2003). Introduced species and their missing parasites.Nature , 421, 628-630.
49.
Torchin, M.E. & Mitchell, C.E. (2004). Parasites, pathogens, and invasions by plants and animals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 2, 183-190.
50.
Urban, M.C., Strauss, S.Y., Pelletier, F., Palkovacs, E.P., Leibold, M.A., Hendry, A.P. et al. (2020). Evolutionary origins for ecological patterns in space. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 117, 17482-17490.
51.
Venesky, M.D., Raffel, T.R., McMahon, T.A. & Rohr, J.R. (2014). Confronting inconsistencies in the amphibian-chytridiomycosis system: implications for disease management. Biological Reviews , 89, 477-483.
52.
Voyles, J., Woodhams, D.C., Saenz, V., Byrne, A.Q., Perez, R., Rios-Sotelo, G. et al. (2018). Shifts in disease dynamics in a tropical amphibian assemblage are not due to pathogen attenuation.Science , 359, 1517-1519.
53.
Waddle, A.W., Levy, J.E., Rivera, R., van Breukelen, F., Nash, M. & Jaeger, J.R. (2019). Population-level resistance to chytridiomycosis is life-stage dependent in an imperiled anuran. EcoHealth , 16, 701-711.