Reduced Plasmodium infection in mosquitoes with 4.3kb SV
A negative association was found between the 4.3kb SV and the malaria parasite infection, with mosquitoes lacking the 4.3kb SV being more commonly infected than those with the 4.3kb SV. We might speculate that this is linked to 4.3kb SV-driven overexpression of CYP6P9a/bsince P450s could play a role in the mosquito response toPlasmodium invasion by participating in the production of nitric oxide and other reactive oxygen radicals (Han et al., 2000; Luckhart et al., 1998) helping to eliminate the parasite. Previous studies have shown specific cytochrome P450s implicated in insecticide resistance are also differentially expressed during malaria parasite invasion in mosquitoes (Félix et al., 2010). For example, CYP6M2 andCYP6Z1 both highly expressed in pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae mosquitoes (David et al., 2005; Müller et al., 2007) were also highly overexpressed in response to Plasmodium infection (Félix et al., 2010), suggesting an interaction between insecticide detoxification and infection. The results obtained are the opposite of what had been previously obtained with the GSTe2 119F resistant markers, where an association was observed with the homozygote 119F/F genotype being more associated with the Plasmodium infection at the oocyst and sporozoite stage (Tchouakui, Chiang, et al., 2019). These preliminary results need further validation using experimental infection studies as previously done with the kdr resistance mutations (Ndiath et al., 2014) to decipher the impact of P450-based resistance on malaria transmission.