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\begin{document}

\title{Aviation Turbulence Induced by the Interaction between a Jet Stream and
Deep Convection}



\author[1]{Haoming Chen}%
\author[2]{Xiaoming Shi}%
\author[3]{Christy Yan-Yu Leung}%
\author[3]{Ping Cheung}%
\author[3]{Pak Wai Chan}%
\affil[1]{Hong Kong University of Science and Technology}%
\affil[2]{Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology}%
\affil[3]{Hong Kong Observatory}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
On December 18, 2022, Hawaiian Airlines flight HA35 encountered severe
turbulence in a cloud-free region without warning. We simulated this
incident using the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) with a
convective permitting grid. We found that the turbulence formed due to
the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) generated by strong vertical wind
shear. At low altitudes, deep convection caused a decrease in wind speed
in both upstream and downstream regions. At upper levels, the jet
descended and accelerated after flowing over the convection, which acted
like a barrier and produced a situation similar to a downslope
windstorm. The low Scorer parameter above the jet and the self-induced
critical level created the locally enhanced descending jet stream, which
destabilized the flow through KHI.%
\end{abstract}%



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