Technique
Time for detection (minutes)
LOD/LOQ (µM)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Reference
NMR
~45
1.00/3.02
Less sample volume TMA interference Specialised instrumentation
(He et al., 2021b)
LCMS/MS
~30
0.055/0.182
TMAO Specific Specialized column and instrumentation
(Hefni et al., 2021)
UHPLC/MS
~15
5.32/13.31
Less sample volume Aqueous samples Specialized column and instrumentation
(Ocque et al., 2015)
Cyclic Voltammetry
~20
1.5/1.5
TMAO specific Specialized instrumentation
(Lakshmi et al., 2021)
Present method
~20
1.0/10.0
TMAO Specific Volume set by available UV spectrometer instrumentation
This work