Child Mental Health
Child mental health was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997). The SDQ is a 25-item parental-report measure that captures children’s mental health. Mothers rated the items on a 3-point Likert scale as either ‘Not true’ (0), ‘Somewhat true’ (1) or ‘Certainly true’ (2). The SDQ is comprised of 5 subscales: 4 ‘difficulties’ subscales including emotional problems (e.g., “Many worries or often seems worried”), conduct problems (e.g., “Often loses temper”), hyperactivity (e.g., “Restless, overactive, cannot stay still for long”), and peer problems (e.g., “Gets along better with adults than with other children”), and 1 prosocial subscale (e.g., “considerate of other people’s feelings”). Each subscale contains five items. Because the SDQ has a multi-dimensional 5-factor factor structure and high discriminant validity across the five subscales (Croft et al., 2015), the summed scores for each of the five subscales (ranging from 0 to 10) were used. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis has supported this 5-factor measurement model (Croft et al., 2015). Note that the prosocial scale was reverse-coded; therefore, higher values reflect more problems with prosocial behaviour.