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\begin{document}

\title{Characterization of N\textsuperscript{+} Abundances in the Terrestrial
Polar Wind using the Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment}



\author[1]{Robert M. Albarran}%
\author[2]{Roger Varney}%
\author[3]{Kevin H Pham}%
\author[3]{Dong Lin}%
\affil[1]{University of California, Los Angeles}%
\affil[2]{SRI International}%
\affil[3]{National Center for Atmospheric Research}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The High-latitude Ionosphere Dynamics for Research Applications (HIDRA)
model is part of the Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment (MAGE)
model under development by the Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) NASA
DRIVE Science Center. This study employs HIDRA to simulate upflows of
H\textsuperscript{+}, He\textsuperscript{+}, O\textsuperscript{+}, and
N\textsuperscript{+} ions, with a particular focus on the relative
N\textsuperscript{+} concentrations, production and loss mechanisms, and
thermal upflow drivers as functions of season, solar activity, and
magnetospheric convection. The simulation results demonstrate that
N\textsuperscript{+} densities typically exceed He\textsuperscript{+}
densities, N\textsuperscript{+} densities are typically
\textasciitilde{}10\% O\textsuperscript{+} densities, and
N\textsuperscript{+} concentrations at quiet-time are approximately
50-100\% of N\textsuperscript{+} concentrations during storm-time.
Furthermore, the N\textsuperscript{+} and O\textsuperscript{+} upflow
fluxes show similar trends with variations in magnetospheric driving.
The inclusion of ion-neutral chemical reactions involving metastable
atoms is shown to have significant effects on N\textsuperscript{+}
production rates. With this metastable chemistry included, the simulated
ion density profiles compare favorably with satellite measurements from
Atmosphere Explorer C (AE-C) and Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 6
(OGO-6).%
\end{abstract}%



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