ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We gratefully thanked TIANDINGXING Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, for providing the LED lamps and Yong Li, an engineer from the National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, for his technical assistance on the precise control of the environment in the plant factory. This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2300802, 2022YFD1900703), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871563), the National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Agricultural Internet of Things (PT2022-23), and the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-3).