REFERENCES

Asseng, S., Guarin, J.R., Raman, M., Monje, O., Kiss, G., Despommier, D.D., Meggers, F.M., Gauthier, P.P.G. (2020) Wheat yield potential in controlled-environment vertical farms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 117(32), 19131-19135.
Blunden, C.A., Wilson, M.F. (1985) A specific method for the determination extracts using enzymatic analysis and its application of soluble sugars in plant to the sugar content of developing pear fruit buds.Analytical Biochemistry , 151(2), 403-408.
Boden, S.A., Cavanagh, C., Cullis, B.R., Ramm, K., Greenwood, J., Jean Finnegan, E., Trevaskis, B., Swain, S.M. (2015) Ppd-1 is a key regulator of inflorescence architecture and paired spikelet development in wheat. Nature Plants , 1(2), 14016.
Boisson-Dernier, A., Franck, C.M., Lituiev, D.S., Grossniklaus, U. (2015) Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase MARIS functions downstream ofCr RLK1L-dependent signaling during tip growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA , 112(39), 12211-12216.
Boss, P.K. (2004) Multiple pathways in the decision to flower: Enabling, promoting, and resetting. Plant Cell , 16(S1), S18-S31.
Casal, J.J. (1993) Novel effects of phytochrome status on reproductive shoot growth in Triticum aestivum L. New Phytologist , 123(1), 45-51.
Castrillo, M., García-Martínez, J., Avalos, J. (2013) Light-dependent functions of the Fusarium fujikuroi CryD DASH cryptochrome in development and secondary metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 79(8), 2777-2788.
Cerdan, P.D., Chory, J. (2003) Regulation of flowering time by light quality. Nature , 423(6942), 881-885.
Chaudhary, R., Baranwal, V.K., Kumar, R., Sircar, D., Chauhan, H. (2019) Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Hsp70 ,Hsp90 , and Hsp100 heat shock protein genes in barley under stress conditions and reproductive development. Functional & Integrative Genomics , 19(6), 1007-1022.
Chen, C., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Thomas, H.R., Frank, M.H., He, Y., Xia, R. (2020) TBtools: An integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Molecular Plant , 13(8), 1194-1202.
Datta, S., Hettiarachchi, G.H.C.M., Deng, X., Holm, M. (2006)Arabidopsis CONSTANS-LIKE3 is a positive regulator of red light signaling and root growth. Plant Cell , 18(1), 70-84.
Ding, X., Zhang, L., Hao, Y., Xiao, S., Wu, Z., Chen, W., Li, X., Zhu, X. (2018) Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of the calmodulin and calmodulin-like proteins reveal their involvement in stress response and fruit ripening in papaya. Postharvest Biology and Technology , 143, 13-27.
Dreccer, M.F., Zwart, A.B., Schmidt, R.C., Condon, A.G., Awasi, M.A., Grant, T.J., Galle, A., Bourot, S., Frohberg, C. (2022) Wheat yield potential can be maximized by increasing red to far‐red light conditions at critical developmental stages. Plant, Cell & Environment , 45(9), 2652-2670.
Ferrante, A., Savin, R., Slafer, G.A. (2020) Floret development and spike fertility in wheat: differences between cultivars of contrasting yield potential and their sensitivity to photoperiod and soil N.Field Crops Research , 256, 107908.
Fornara, F., de Montaigu, A., Coupland, G. (2010) Snapshot: Control of flowering in Arabidopsis . CELL , 141(3), 550.
Galvāo, V.C., Fiorucci, A., Trevisan, M., Franco-Zorilla, J.M., Goyal, A., Schmid-Siegert, E., Solano, R., Fankhauser, C. (2019) PIF transcription factors link a neighbor threat cue to accelerated reproduction in Arabidopsis . Nature Communications , 10, 4005.
Gauley, A., Boden, S.A. (2019) Genetic pathways controlling inflorescence architecture and development in wheat and barley.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology , 61(3), 296-309.
Ghiglione, H.O., Gonzalez, F.G., Serrago, R., Maldonado, S.B., Chilcott, C., Curá, J.A., Miralles, D.J., Zhu, T., Casal, J.J. (2008) Autophagy regulated by day length determines the number of fertile florets in wheat. The Plant Journal , 55(6), 1010-1024.
González, F.G., Miralles, D.J., Slafer, G.A. (2011) Wheat floret survival as related to pre-anthesis spike growth. Journal of Experimental Botany , 62(14), 4889-4901.
Goyal, R.K., Tulpan, D., Chomistek, N., González-Peña Fundora, D., West, C., Ellis, B.E., Frick, M., Laroche, A., Foroud, N.A. (2018) Analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene families in wheat and related Triticeae species.BMC Genomics , 19, 178.
Guo, Z., Schnurbusch, T. (2015) Variation of floret fertility in hexaploid wheat revealed by tiller removal. Journal of Experimental Botany , 66(19), 5945-5958.
Gururani, M.A., Ganesan, M., Song, P. (2015) Photo-biotechnology as a tool to improve agronomic traits in crops. Biotechnology Advances , 33(1), 53-63.
Hanft, J.M., Jones, R.J. (1986) Kernel abortion in maize: I. Carbohydrate concentration patterns and acid invertase activity of maize kernels induced to abort in vitro . Plant Physiology , 81(2), 503-510.
Ji, J., Yang, L., Fang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhuang, M., Lv, H., Wang, Y. (2022) Plant SWEET family of sugar transporters: Structure, evolution and biological functions. Biomolecules , 12(2), 205.
Ji, X., Shiran, B., Wan, J., Lewis, D.C., Jenkins, C.L.D., Condon, A.G., Richards, R.A., Dolferus, R. (2010) Importance of pre-anthesis anther sink strength for maintenance of grain number during reproductive stage water stress in wheat. Plant, Cell & Environment , 33(6), 926-942.
Kim, D., Langmead, B., Salzberg, S.L. (2015) Hisat: A fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nature Methods , 12(4), 357-360.
Kodaira, K., Qin, F., Tran, L.P., Maruyama, K., Kidokoro, S., Fujita, Y., Shinozaki, K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2011) Arabidopsis Cys2/His2 zinc-finger proteins AZF1 and AZF2 negatively regulate abscisic acid-repressive and auxin-inducible genes under abiotic stress conditions. Plant Physiology , 157(2), 742-756.
Lallemand, B., Erhardt, M., Heitz, T., Legrand, M. (2013) Sporopollenin biosynthetic enzymes interact and constitute a metabolon localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of tapetum cells. Plant Physiology , 162(2), 616-625.
Lazzarin, M., Meisenburg, M., Meijer, D., van Ieperen, W., Marcelis, L.F.M., Kappers, I.F., van der Krol, A.R., van Loon, J.J.A., Dicke, M. (2021) LEDs make it resilient: Effects on plant growth and defense.Trends in Plant Science , 26(5), 496-508.
Li, H., Yuan, Z., Vizcay-Barrena, G., Yang, C., Liang, W., Zong, J., Wilson, Z.A., Zhang, D. (2011) PERSISTENT TAPETAL CELL1 encodes a PHD-finger protein that is required for tapetal cell death and pollen development in rice. Plant Physiology , 156(2), 615-630.
Li, K., Debernardi, J.M., Li, C., Lin, H., Zhang, C., Jernstedt, J., Korff, M.V., Zhong, J., Dubcovsky, J. (2021) Interactions between SQUAMOSA and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE MADS-box proteins regulate meristem transitions during wheat spike development. Plant Cell , 33(12), 3621-3644.
Li, X., Fan, J., Luo, S., Yin, L., Liao, H., Cui, X., He, J., Zeng, Y., Qu, J., Bu, Z. (2021) Comparative transcriptome analysis identified important genes and regulatory pathways for flower color variation inPaphiopedilum hirsutissimum . BMC Plant Biology , 21(1), 495.
Liscum, E., Reed, J.W. (2002) Genetics of AUX/IAA and ARF action in plant growth and development. Plant Molecular Biology , 49(3-4), 387-400.
Liu, F., Cui, X., Horner, H.T., Weiner, H., Schnable, P.S. (2001) Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activity is required for male fertility in maize. Plant Cell , 13(5), 1063-1078.
Margaritopoulou, T., Kryovrysanaki, N., Megkoula, P., Prassinos, C., Samakovli, D., Milioni, D., Hatzopoulos, P. (2016) HSP90 canonical content organizes a molecular scaffold mechanism to progress flowering.The Plant Journal , 87(2), 174-187.
Miyazaki, S., Murata, T., Sakurai-Ozato, N., Kubo, M., Demura, T., Fukuda, H., Hasebe, M. (2009) ANXUR1 and 2 , sister genes to FERONIA/SIRENE , are male factors for coordinated fertilization. Current Biology , 19(15), 1327-1331.
Mueller, N.D., Gerber, J.S., Johnston, M., Ray, D.K., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A. (2012) Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management. Nature , 490(7419), 254-257.
Nair, R.B., Bastress, K.L., Ruegger, M.O., Denault, J.W., Chapple, C. (2004) The Arabidopsis thaliana REDUCED EPIDERMAL FLUORESCENCE1 gene encodes an aldehyde dehydrogenase involved in ferulic acid and sinapic acid biosynthesis. Plant Cell , 16(2), 544-554.
Nicolas Freytes, S., Canelo, M., Cerdan, P.D. (2021) Regulation of flowering time: When and where? Current Opinion in Plant Biology , 63, 102049.
Nixon, B., Bromfield, E.G., Cui, J., De Iuliis, G.N. (2017) Heat shock protein A2 (HSPA2): Regulatory roles in germ cell development and sperm function. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology , 222, 67-93.
Peng, Q., Deng, L., Chen, W., Huang, J., Fan, S., Tu, B., Tan, J., Yuan, H., Wang, Y., Ma, B. et al. (2020) A fragment substitution in promoter of MS92/PTC1 causes male sterility in rice. Rice Science , 27(5), 396-404.
Phan, H.A., Iacuone, S., Li, S.F., Parish, R.W. (2011) The MYB80 transcription factor is required for pollen development and the regulation of tapetal programmed cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant Cell , 23(6), 2209-2224.
Prieto, P., Ochagavía, H., Savin, R., Griffiths, S., Slafer, G.A. (2018) Dynamics of floret initiation/death determining spike fertility in wheat as affected by Ppd genes under field conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany , 69(10), 2633-2645.
Reddy, V.S., Day, I.S., Thomas, T., Reddy, A.S.N. (2004) KIC, a novel Ca2+ binding protein with one EF-hand motif, interacts with a microtubule motor protein and regulates trichome morphogenesis.Plant Cell , 16(1), 185-200.
Rossi, M., Bermudez, L., Carrari, F. (2015) Crop yield: Challenges from a metabolic perspective. Current Opinion in Plant Biology , 25, 79-89.
Sakuma, S., Schnurbusch, T. (2020) Of floral fortune: Tinkering with the grain yield potential of cereal crops. New Phytologist , 225(5), 1873-1882.
Shannon, P., Markiel, A., Ozier, O., Baliga, N.S., Wang, J.T., Ramage, D., Amin, N., Schwikowski, B., Ideker, T. (2003) Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks.Genome Research , 13(11), 2498-2504.
Shen, S., Zhang, L., Liang, X., Zhao, X., Lin, S., Qu, L., Liu, Y., Gao, Z., Ruan, Y., Zhou, S. (2018) Delayed pollination and low availability of assimilates are major factors causing maize kernel abortion.Journal of Experimental Botany , 69(7), 1599-1613.
Sun, C.W., Callis, J. (1997) Independent modulation of Arabidopsis thaliana polyubiquitin mRNAs in different organs and in response to environmental changes. The Plant Journal , 11(5), 1017-1027.
Szklarczyk, D., Gable, A.L., Lyon, D., Junge, A., Wyder, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Simonovic, M., Doncheva, N.T., Morris, J.H., Bork, P., Jensen, L.J., Mering, C.V. (2019) STRING v11: Protein–protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Research , 47(D1), D607-D613.
Thiel, J., Koppolu, R., Trautewig, C., Hertig, C., Kale, S.M., Erbe, S., Mascher, M., Himmelbach, A., Rutten, T., Esteban, E. et al. (2021) Transcriptional landscapes of floral meristems in barley. Science Advances , 7(18), eabf0832.
Ugarte, C.C., Trupkin, S.A., Ghiglione, H., Slafer, G., Casal, J.J. (2010) Low red/far-red ratios delay spike and stem growth in wheat.Journal of Experimental Botany , 61(11), 3151-3162.
Valverde, F., Mouradov, A., Soppe, W., Ravenscroft, D., Samach, A., Coupland, G. (2004) Photoreceptor regulation of constans protein in photoperiodic flowering. Science , 303(5660), 1003-1006.
van Delden, S.H., SharathKumar, M., Butturini, M., Graamans, L.J.A., Heuvelink, E., Kacira, M., Kaiser, E., Klamer, R.S., Klerkx, L., Kootstra, G. et al. (2021) Current status and future challenges in implementing and upscaling vertical farming systems. Nature Food , 2(12), 944-956.
Waddington, S.R., Cartwright, P.M., Wall, P.C. (1983) A quantitative scale of spike initial and pistil development in barley and wheat. Annals of Botany , 51(1), 119-130.
Wang, K., Guo, Z., Zhou, W., Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., Lou, Y., Xiong, S., Yao, X., Fan, J., Zhu, J., Yang, Z. (2018) The regulation of sporopollenin biosynthesis genes for rapid pollen wall formation.Plant Physiology , 178(1), 283-294.
Wang, Y., Du, F., Wang, J., Wang, K., Tian, C., Qi, X., Lu, F., Liu, X., Ye, X., Jiao, Y. (2022) Improving bread wheat yield through modulating an unselected AP2/ERF gene. Nature Plants , 8(8), 930-939.
Watson, A., Ghosh, S., Williams, M.J., Cuddy, W.S., Simmonds, J., Rey, M., Asyraf Md Hatta, M., Hinchliffe, A., Steed, A., Reynolds, D. et al. (2018) Speed breeding is a powerful tool to accelerate crop research and breeding. Nature Plants , 4(1), 23-29.
Yang, Z., Liu, L., Sun, L., Yu, P., Zhang, P., Abbas, A., Xiang, X., Wu, W., Zhang, Y., Cao, L. et al. (2019) OsMS1 functions as a transcriptional activator to regulate programmed tapetum development and pollen exine formation in rice. Plant Molecular Biology , 99(1-2), 175-191.
Yemm, E., Willis, A. (1954) The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone. Biochemical Journal , 57(3), 508-514.
Yi, F., Gu, W., Chen, J., Song, N., Gao, X., Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., Ma, X., Song, W., Zhao, H. et al. (2019) High temporal-resolution transcriptome landscape of early maize seed development. Plant Cell , 31(5), 974-992.
Yin, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Li, J., Quan, W., Yang, L., Wang, Q., Chan, Z. (2017) The Arabidopsis Cys2/His2 zinc finger transcription factor ZAT18 is a positive regulator of plant tolerance to drought stress. Journal of Experimental Botany , 68(11), 2991-3005.
Zhang, Z., Huang, J., Gao, Y., Liu, Y., Li, J., Zhou, X., Yao, C., Wang, Z., Sun, Z., Zhang, Y. (2020) Suppressed aba signal transduction in the spike promotes sucrose use in the stem and reduces grain number in wheat under water stress. Journal of Experimental Botany , 71(22), 7241-7256.
Zhang, Z., Li, J., Hu, N., Li, W., Qin, W., Li, J., Gao, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, Z., Yu, K. et al. (2021) Spike growth affects spike fertility through the number of florets with green anthers before floret abortion in wheat. Field Crops Research , 260, 108007.
Zhao, X., Liu, M., Li, J., Guan, C., Zhang, X. (2005) The wheat TaGI1 , involved in photoperiodic flowering, encodes an Arabidopsis GIortholog. Plant Molecular Biology , 58(1), 53-64.
Zhou, S., Zhu, S., Cui, S., Hou, H., Wu, H., Hao, B., Cai, L., Xu, Z., Liu, L., Jiang, L. et al. (2021) Transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of heading date in rice. New Phytologist , 230(3), 943-956.
Zhou, Y., Mumtaz, M.A., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., Hao, Y., Shu, H., Zhu, J., Bao, W., Cheng, S., Zhu, G. et al. (2022) Response of anthocyanin biosynthesis to light by strand-specific transcriptome and miRNA analysis in Capsicum annuum . BMC Plant Biology , 22(1), 79.
Zhu, J., Chen, H., Li, H., Gao, J., Jiang, H., Wang, C., Guan, Y., Yang, Z. (2008) Defective in Tapetal Development and Function 1 is essential for anther development and tapetal function for microspore maturation in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal , 55(2), 266-277.