2.2 Materials
Two English dilemmas were selected from a study conducted by Moore et al. (2008) on moral dilemma scenarios. The two stories with similar situational settings were selected. This was controlled because setting differences can influence dilemma choices, such as if the situation is flipping a switch (impersonal) vs. pushing someone (personal), and whether the situation is also threatening your life (life threatened) or not (not threatened). Two stories were selected so that story order could be randomized. 
The stories were processed by Coh-Metrix to gauge the level of difficulty and readability. Two stories with similar length and similar difficulty levels were chosen. The Flesch Reading Ease for story 1 was 76.173 and story 2 was 77.766, which is considered “fairly easy” or for CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) approximately between A1 and A2 (LINDHOUT; TEUNISSEN; LINDHOUT, 2012) or B1 according to Linguapress. The stories were followed by a moral dilemma question that asked the degree to which you agree the action taken in the story was justified. The moral dilemmas were presented in English. 
The Japanese Narrative Transportation Questionnaire (J-NTQ; OSANAI; KUSUMI, 2016) was used to measure the vividness of mental imagery and narrative immersion for philosophical dilemma scenarios. The J-NTQ is based on the Narrative Transportation Questionnaire by Green and Brock (2000). The questionnaire had 12 questions about story immersion and was rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a lot).
The Oxford Quick Placement Test (Oxford University Press) was used to measure English comprehension skill level. This test contained 60 multiple choice questions and was presented in English through an online format. The demographic questionnaire asked for age, gender, occupation status, and approximate years spent learning English. The questionnaire was written in Japanese. The study was created and performed online on the psychology experiment builder Gorilla (https://www.gorilla.sc).