2.3 Procedure
In the non-imagery direction group, participants were provided with a brief description of the current experiment on the recruitment page. The participants were then provided a link, which directed them to the experiment page. After reading and signing the consent form, they continued to the experiment. 
All participants first took a pretest where they were instructed with a simple audio and direction text in Japanese (L1) to read the English moral dilemma scenarios and answer a the English yes-no moral dilemma question. The audio instructions were only provided during the instruction phase of the study. The moral dilemmas were asked to be read without any audio assistance. The participants were randomly assigned to story 1 or story 2 as their pretest story. Then participants were asked to fill out the NTQ-J based on the pretest moral dilemma scenario they read. 
For the posttest, the participants were assigned to the other moral dilemma scenario. If they read story 2 for the pretest, they read story 1 for the posttest. They took an identical procedure as the pretest condition, where they were instructed both with a L1 audio and text to answer the moral dilemma question in English and filled out the NTQ-J. Participants then completed the short English proficiency test and filled out a short demographic questionnaire. 
The imagery direction group was recruited with the exact requirements of the non-imagery direction group. This group also had an identical procedure, except before the posttest condition, participants were required to read and listen along with an additional L1 audio mental imagery instructions based on Gambrell and Koskinen (1986)’s study, specifically they were instructed to “carefully imagine the moral dilemma scenario while reading to the best of your ability.” Once again, the audio instructions were only provided during the instruction phase of the study. The moral dilemmas were asked to be read without any audio assistance.