2.1. Study area
We conducted the study in the Tagus estuary area, Portugal (Fig. 1). The
landscape is characterised by agriculture (e.g. annual crops, rice
fields, olive groves, pastures; 34.1%), forest (e.g. pine forest,
agro-forest systems [montado]; 31.1%), urban and anthropized areas
(e.g. city of Lisbon, road and railways; 20.1%), and wetland areas
(e.g. salines, marshes; 14.7%). The entire area can be defined as
Mediterranean from a climatic point of view, with four-five months of
aridity during summer (EspĂrito-Santo et al., 2021).