2.1. Study area
We conducted the study in the Tagus estuary area, Portugal (Fig. 1). The landscape is characterised by agriculture (e.g. annual crops, rice fields, olive groves, pastures; 34.1%), forest (e.g. pine forest, agro-forest systems [montado]; 31.1%), urban and anthropized areas (e.g. city of Lisbon, road and railways; 20.1%), and wetland areas (e.g. salines, marshes; 14.7%). The entire area can be defined as Mediterranean from a climatic point of view, with four-five months of aridity during summer (EspĂ­rito-Santo et al., 2021).