New insights of active constituents from herbs and nutraceuticals and their mechanisms in obesity-induced insulin resistance
Song-Xia Lin 1,2,3, Chao Wu 1,2,3, Xiao-Yi Li1,2,3, Ya-Li Wang 1,2,3, Deng-Qin Lang 1,2,3, Chun-Yan Shen 1,2,3*
1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
3 Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
*Author (Chun-Yan Shen) for correspondence (e-mail: shenchunyan@smu.edu.cn; phone +86-20-61648263; fax: +86-20-61648263)
11Abbreviations: AKT, protein kinase B; AMPK, adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; β3-AR, β3 adrenergic receptor; BAT, brown adipose tissue; CoA, Coenzyme A; DIO, diet-induced obese; DM, diabetes mellitus; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases; ERS, endoplasmic reticulum stress; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FOXO1, Forkhead box 1 protein; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; HFD, high fat diet; HG, high glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IKK, inhibitor of NF-κB; IL-6, interleukin-6; IR, insulin resistance; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; miRNA, micro RNA; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PPARs, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCFAs, short chain fatty acid; SIRT1, silent information regulator 1; STZ, streptozotocin; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; TG, triglyceride; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; WAT, white adipose tissue.