Figure legends
Fig 1. The mechanism of metabolic disorder, inflammation, miRNAs and gut microbiota affecting IR. HFD-induced obesity promotes fat accumulation, leading to macrophage recruitment, lipid overflow and ectopic accumulation. Macrophages infiltrate into WAT, causing long-term chronic low-grade inflammation and increasing inflammatory factor secretion. Gut microbiota disorder cause lipopolysaccharide, secondary bile acids, SCFAs secretion maladjusted, leading to IR. miRNA transcribed from DNA transfer to the liver, WAT, skeletal muscle in the form of exosome, regulating IR in variety way. The active constituents might affect miRNA function by blocking miRNAs transcription or transport. Each of these has the potential to directly or indirectly alter IR.
Fig 2. The chemical structures of compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals that improves IR by ameliorating metabolic abnormalities.
Fig 3. The chemical structures of compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals that improves IR by inhibiting inflammation.
Fig 4. The chemical structures of compounds that improves IR by reversing gut microbiota dysbiosis, regulating miRNAs and others.
Fig 5. The mechanisms by which resveratrol prevents IR. Resveratrol alleviates IR via regulating NAD/NADH ratio, SIRT1 expression, PTP1B, ERS and gut-brain-liver neuronal axis.