Figure 1. LA strain and strain rate curves from a patient with AL-CA and a patient with HHD. Figure 1(A): LA strain parameters from a patient with AL-CA. Figure 1(B): LA strain rate parameters from a patient with AL-CA. Figure 1(C): LA strain parameters from a patient with HHD. Figure 1(D): LA strain rate parameters from a patient with HHD.

Statistical analysis

Shapiro–Wilk test were used to test continuous variables for normality. Continuous variables conforming to normality were expressed as mean (standard deviation, SD) and compared using student’s t test. Continuous variables failing to conform to normality were expressed as median (interquartile range, IQR) and compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies (percentages) and compared using Pearson’s chi-squared test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to assess the ability of LASr and LASct for discriminating between AL-CA and HT patients. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between LA function and LV structure, LV function, and LA size. All analyses were performed using Stata version 15.1. All p-values and confidence intervals were two-sided.